Structural Process Supervision for Latent Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

Abstract

Latent reasoning approaches enhance token-level efficiency and robustness by replacing verbose, explicit chain-of-thought (CoT) tokens with compact continuous-space embeddings. However, existing methods lack efficient process supervision over these embeddings, which often leads to representation collapse and uneven information distribution. % However, supervising these latent embeddings is challenging because a fixed number of latent states must capture information from variable-length reasoning traces. To address this, we propose Prototype-Mediated Process Supervision (PMPS), which introduces learnable reasoning prototypes as semantic anchors to provide structural process-level supervision for latent reasoning. PMPS projects latent embeddings and explicit CoT embeddings into a shared prototype space, achieving many-to-many soft alignment between unequal-length representations through prototype assignment. Meanwhile, we introduce a Progressive Sequential Alignment (PSA) module to further guide training: positional priors initially encourage sequential alignment structure, then gradually relax to permit adaptive matching. Experimental results show that PMPS compresses output token length to under 50% of explicit CoT on GSM8K-Aug. Compared to leading baseline SIM-CoT, our method achieves average accuracy gains of 2.51% across different model families. On GPT-2, accuracy of PMPS even surpasses CoT-SFT. On larger models and a more challenging task, PMPS consistently attains the highest accuracy among all latent reasoning methods with comparable output length.