Preparation Method of Simulated Deep Sandstone Materials Based on Dual Equivalence of Principal Components and Mechanical Properties, and Quantitative Evaluation of Simulation Effectiveness

Abstract

Intact deep sandstone cores are scarce, heterogeneous with poorly repeatable, limiting systematic laboratory studies of deep-rock mechanical behavior. This study selected dense sandstone recovered from 1050 m in the Pingdingshan mining area as the prototype system for the development of a targeted-sandstone-constrained screening strategy for simulated deep sandstone. The strategy integrates mineral-composition matching, orthogonal mixture design, mechanical testing, PCA-based comprehensive similarity evaluation, GMM classification, stress–strain curve comparison and fracture-morphology verification. Candidate materials were prepared using a cement–silica-fume matrix with quartz sand, K-feldspar, Na-feldspar, nanoclay and superplasticizer. Results show that the water–binder ratio dominated uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus, whereas superplasticizer and nanoclay had secondary effects. The PCA-based index assigned weights of 52.9%, 29.2% and 17.9% to uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus and brittleness index, respectively. Among the 25 mixtures sampled, S5 showed the highest mechanical similarity, with a simulation index of 71.65% and a stress–strain curve similarity of 0.958. GMM clustering identified S5 and S10 as the closest high-strength, high-stiffness and high-brittleness group, while S10 better reproduced natural crack geometry. These results indicate that the optimal simulated sandstone depends on the target response and provide a task-oriented route for reproducible simulated deep sandstone.