Learning Latent Graph Geometry via Fixed-Point Schr\"odinger-Type Activation: A Theoretical Study

Abstract

We study neural architectures in which each hidden layer is defined by the stationary state of a dissipative Schr\"odinger-type dynamics on a learned latent graph. On stable branches, the local stationary problem defines a differentiable implicit graph layer. To learn the graph itself, we optimize over the stratified moduli space of weighted graphs and equip each stratum with a non-degenerate K\"ahler-Hessian metric that keeps natural-gradient descent and face crossing well posed. We then show that a multilayer stationary network is equivalent to an exact global stationary problem on a supra-graph, and that it admits a penalized global relaxation whose stationary states converge to the exact one as the penalty parameter tends to infinity. Reverse-mode differentiation is recovered as the adjoint of the exact global system, and the penalized adjoint converges to it in the same limit. Finally, under finite-dimensional strong-monotonicity and admissible-lift assumptions, the corresponding represented hypothesis classes coincide among resolvent feed-forward networks, graph-stationary networks, supra-graph stationary systems, and sheaf-based architectures with unitary connection. The resulting structural identifications yield complexity bounds controlled by sparse graph or supra-graph geometry rather than dense ambient connectivity.