Image-Scale Robustness and Visual Recognition Performance: A Cross-Architecture Analysis

Abstract

The sensitivity of visual recognition models to changes in image scale is well established, yet the factors governing this sensitivity across heterogeneous architectures remain unclear. In this work, we investigate whether scale robustness exhibits a common quantitative structure across modern vision models. We evaluate 20 pretrained ImageNet-1K classifiers spanning seven architectural families, including convolutional, mobile, efficient, and Transformer-based architectures. By systematically reducing input image scale, we construct scale-accuracy response curves and define a characteristic scale as a compact measure of the onset of substantial recognition degradation. We then examine the relationship between characteristic scale and baseline recognition accuracy, model parameter count, architectural family, and representation stability. A strong inverse association is observed between baseline accuracy and characteristic scale (Pearson r = -0.890, R^2= 0.792, p < 10^-6). This relationship remains stable under bootstrap resampling, leave-one-architecture-out analysis, and leave-one-family-out analysis. In contrast, parameter count provides negligible additional explanatory power after controlling for baseline accuracy (p = 0.80), while architectural family does not provide significant incremental explanatory power. Furthermore, characteristic scale shows essentially no association with representation stability (r = -0.003, p = 0.991). These results indicate that, across the studied models, scale robustness is strongly organized by baseline recognition performance rather than simply by model size, architectural family, or representation stability. The study provides an empirical framework for characterizing scale robustness across vision architectures and identifies a reproducible accuracy-scale regularity that warrants further theoretical investigation.