Influence of Socio-Economic Characteristics on Profitability of Swine Production among Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study examined the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the profitability of swine production among farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional descriptive survey research design was adopted. The study comprised 399 registered swine farmers selected through systematic random sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire validated by experts, with a Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient of 0.71. Descriptive statistics, cost and return analysis and Multiple Linear Regression were employed for data analysis. The findings showed that the majority of the farmers were aged 40 years and above (52%), had secondary education (42%), practiced semi-intensive management systems (61%) and had over 10 years of farming experience (50%). Profitability analysis revealed that swine production was economically viable, with a Gross Margin of ₦871,800, Net Farm Income of ₦777,040 and a Benefit–Cost Ratio (BCR) of 2.69. The regression analysis indicated that socio-economic characteristics significantly influenced profitability, accounting for 52.0% of the variation in net farm income (R² = 0.520, F(6,392) = 70.75, p < 0.001). Herd size was the strongest predictor of profitability, followed by management system, educational level, farming experience, age and household size. The study concluded that swine production is a profitable enterprise and that improving farmers' socio-economic capacity and production practices would further enhance profitability. It recommends strengthening extension services, improving access to affordable credit and promoting cooperative participation to improve the productivity and sustainability of swine farming in Akwa Ibom State