Theoretical and methodological approaches to researching digital transformation in economic systems

Abstract

The paper systematises the theoretical and methodological foundations of digital transformation (DT) research in economic activity. The conceptual evolution of digitization, digitalization and digital transformation is analysed and their substantive differences are clarified and structured in a comparative table across five criteria. The leading theoretical frameworks used to conceptualise DT are considered: the Fourth Industrial Revolution concept, the dynamic capabilities theory, the digital business strategy approach, the digital innovation paradigm and the network society theory. DT is shown to be not a technological upgrade but a sociotechnical reconfiguration of value propositions, business models and institutional environment. A multi-level systematisation of drivers and barriers of DT is proposed, covering macro-, meso- and microeconomic dimensions. Methodological approaches to measuring DT are systematised, including a review of international and Russian composite indices (DESI, IMD, HSE indicators) and the principles of their correct design in line with the OECD handbook. The theoretical and methodological apparatus is linked to the authors' KIM and SAIG indices, confirming the practical applicability of the discussed methodology for assessing digital maturity at the national and regional levels.