Physics-Informed Neural Network Framework for Input Load Estimation and Virtual Sensing of Offshore Wind Turbines

Abstract

Recent advances in Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have opened new possibilities for integrating structural dynamics and data-driven learning in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). This work presents a physics-informed framework for input load estimation and virtual sensing of offshore wind turbine support structures, where the governing dynamics of the system are embedded directly into the learning process. Unlike purely data-driven models that require extensive labeled datasets, the proposed approach leverages known physical relationships among displacement, velocity, acceleration, and external loads to enhance interpretability and generalization. The method adopts an encoder–decoder neural architecture that maps measured accelerations and strains to a reduced-order modal space before decoding the corresponding dynamic responses and reconstructing the applied loads through embedded structural dynamics relationships. Physical consistency is enforced through the equations of motion and differential constraints between displacement, velocity, and acceleration, while automatic differentiation ensures temporal consistency without requiring explicit load data during training. This hybrid approach captures the temporal and spatial evolution of loads even with limited or noisy measurements. The framework is first validated on numerical simulations of an offshore wind turbine, accurately recovering unmeasured input loads and structural responses across diverse operating conditions. It is then demonstrated using experimental vibration data, confirming its robustness to sensor noise and sparse instrumentation. Results show that the proposed physics-informed strategy can recover complex loading patterns and provide virtual measurements that are otherwise inaccessible in practice. Overall, study advances the use of PINNs for inverse input load estimation problem in SHM, offering a computationally efficient and generalizable tool for condition monitoring and fatigue assessment of large-scale energy infrastructure.