Use of artificial intelligence in education and training of radiology

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping radiology through advances in machine learning, deep learning, and generative AI. As these technologies become embedded in diagnostic workflows, radiology education must adapt to prepare learners for AI-enabled clinical practice. This review aimed to synthesize current evidence, identify educational priorities, and highlight challenges and opportunities for implementation. The growing adoption of AI in medical imaging requires radiology curricula to extend beyond image interpretation and encompass AI literacy, ethical reasoning, critical appraisal, and human–AI collaboration. Understanding how AI is currently incorporated into radiology education is essential for developing effective training frameworks. This review examined educational approaches, learner outcomes, and implementation challenges associated with AI in radiology education. A scoping review was conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), using the Population–Concept–Context(PCC) framework to define the review question and eligibility criteria. Searches were performed in Scopus, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore for studies published between 2020 and 2025. After screening and eligibility assessment, 29 original studies were included. Educational outcomes were classified into skill development, engagement, and performance domains. Skill development was the most frequently investigated outcome (55.2%), followed by performance (27.6%) and engagement (17.2%). Approximately 86% of studies reported positive or improved educational outcomes. AI-based interventions enhanced learner confidence, AI literacy, diagnostic reasoning, and readiness for clinical implementation. Generative AI tools showed promise for tutoring, assessment, and self-directed learning but raised concerns regarding reliability, hallucinations, bias, and ethical use. Common barriers included limited faculty expertise, insufficient formal training, curricular overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, and governance challenges. AI has significant potential to strengthen radiology education through personalized learning, competency development, and technology-enhanced training. Nevertheless, sustainable implementation requires standardized curricula, faculty development, competency frameworks, and robust ethical oversight. Future research should focus on longitudinal outcomes and evidence-based educational models that prepare radiology professionals for increasingly AI-integrated healthcare systems.