DINE: Distance Is Not Enough - Learning Global Deformation Priors for Robust Soft-Tissue Point Cloud Registration

Abstract

Non-rigid point cloud registration is central to soft-tissue shape analysis, but large deformations, noise, and outliers make correspondence estimation challenging. Most learning-based methods rely on local objectives such as Chamfer distance, which encourage point-wise proximity but do not constrain the global plausibility of the predicted deformation field. We address this limitation with DINE, a maximum a posteriori framework that augments distance-based registration with a learned statistical prior over displacement vector fields. DINE is applied to two registration backbones, Robust-DefReg and DefTransNet, using a two-stage strategy: a first-stage model is trained with Chamfer distance, its predicted deformation fields are used to estimate a prior, and the model is then refined with a combined distance and negative log-prior objective. We compare a full-field PCA Gaussian prior with a per-vector normalizing-flow prior. Experiments on DeformedTissue and SynBench show lower mean Chamfer distance under deformation and corruption. On DeformedTissue, DINE-PCA reduces Chamfer distance by approximately 27--69\% relative to the corresponding Stage-1 backbone across deformation levels, and improves robustness by up to 66\% for outliers and 83\% for Gaussian noise. On SynBench, improvements are modest at the smallest deformation levels and reach approximately 59--79\% from moderate to severe deformation. These results suggest that global deformation plausibility is an important constraint for reliable soft-tissue point cloud registration. (The code will be published soon.)