Code-Switching and Multilingualism in Nollywood Films: Exploring Language Choice as A Tool for Characterization and Social Meaning
Abstract
This study examined code-switching and multilingualism in Nollywood films, with emphasis on language choice as a tool for characterization and the construction of social meaning. The study was anchored on Myers-Scotton’s Markedness Model of Code-Switching to explain how speakers’ linguistic choices negotiate social relationships, identities, and rights-and-obligations within particular interactions. A qualitative research approach was adopted, using descriptive textual and thematic analysis of approximately 5–10 purposively selected Nollywood films produced between 2018 and 2026. Data were obtained through repeated viewing and transcription of relevant dialogue, with instances of code-switching classified according to linguistic form, context, characterization function, and social meaning. The findings revealed amongst others that filmmakers used language choice to differentiate characters according to ethnicity, education, occupation, social class, cultural background, authority, and identity. The study concluded that multilingualism and code-switching in selected Nollywood films functioned as significant narrative and sociolinguistic resources, extending beyond a mere reflection of Nigeria’s multilingual environment. The study recommended filmmakers and screenwriters to promote indigenous languages and cultural authenticity by incorporating indigenous languages meaningfully into film narratives rather than relying excessively on English, as this would strengthen the representation of Nigeria’s ethnic and cultural diversity, preserve linguistic heritage, and enable films to reflect the realities of contemporary Nigerian identities.