Dental Anxiety in Children: A Review on Etiology, Prevalence, and Assessment Methods

Abstract

Dental anxiety is a common psychological problem in pediatric dentistry and remains a major obstacle to successful treatment. Although various behavioral techniques and technological advancements have been introduced, many children still exhibit anxiety during dental procedures, leading to treatment avoidance, poorer oral health, and reduced cooperation. The etiology of dental anxiety is multifactorial, shaped by individual traits, family influences, and past dental experiences. Early and accurate assessment of anxiety levels is essential for guiding clinical decisions and selecting appropriate management strategies. Effective anxiety control enhances cooperation during treatment and helps establish positive attitudes toward oral care. This review summarizes the main causes of pediatric dental anxiety, commonly used assessment tools, and current evidence-based approaches for its management, emphasizing the importance of early intervention for improved clinical outcomes.