Maternal Sensitivity and Its Association with Cognitive and Socio-Emotional Development in Infants: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
Background: The first six months of life represent a critical period for brain development and emotional regulation in infants. Maternal sensitivity plays a vital role in shaping early cognitive and socio-emotional outcomes. However, empirical research examining this association in Southeast Asian populations, particularly during the early infancy stage, remains limited.Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between maternal sensitivity and both cognitive and socio-emotional development among infants aged 0 to 6 months in Bandung, Indonesia.Methods: A cross-sectional design was employed involving 120 mother-infant dyads recruited from urban and semi-urban maternal and child healthcare centers. Maternal sensitivity was assessed through structured observation using the Maternal Behavior Q-Sort (MBQS) – Short Version. Infant development was measured using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, Third Edition (ASQ-3), focusing on the communication and personal-social domains. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, multiple linear regression, and path analysis. Model fit was evaluated using chi-square, RMSEA, CFI, and TLI indices.Results: Maternal sensitivity was positively correlated with infant cognitive (r = 0.42, p = 0.001) and socio-emotional (r = 0.38, p = 0.002) scores. Regression analysis confirmed that maternal sensitivity significantly predicted developmental outcomes even after adjusting for maternal education, infant age, and parity. Path analysis showed strong direct effects of maternal sensitivity on development and indirect effects via maternal education. The model demonstrated good fit (χ² = 2.45, RMSEA = 0.041, CFI = 0.981, TLI = 0.965).Conclusion: Maternal sensitivity is a key factor influencing early developmental outcomes in infants. These findings highlight the need for early identification and supportive interventions within pediatric and maternal health services to foster responsive caregiving and optimize developmental trajectories.