Polymer Chemistry Innovations: From Smart Polymers to Biomedical and Environmental Applications

Abstract

Polymer chemistry has evolved from the development of conventional plastics to the design of advanced functional materials with tailored properties and multifunctional applications. This review presents an integrated overview of recent advances in polymer chemistry, emphasizing the role of molecular architecture, chemical functionalization, and stimuli-responsive behaviour in the development of smart polymer systems. Particular attention is given to the application of these materials in biomedical fields, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, bio adhesive systems, and implantable devices, where polymers enable controlled therapeutic performance and improved biocompatibility. In parallel, polymer-based technologies are increasingly contributing to environmental sustainability through applications in water purification, pollutant adsorption, biodegradable plastics, and circular material systems. The review highlights the structure–property–application relationships that connect biomedical and environmental polymer technologies and discusses the importance of safety, toxicity assessment, and regulatory considerations for their practical implementation. Emerging research directions such as artificial intelligence–assisted polymer design, green polymer chemistry, renewable monomers, and personalized polymer systems are also explored. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on how modern polymer chemistry is enabling the development of high-performance, sustainable, and application-driven materials for future biomedical and environmental challenges.