Beacon: Knowing When and How to Perform Agentic Visual Reasoning

Abstract

The fundamental goal of agentic visual reasoning is to improve the success rate of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) on complex tasks. We rethink agentic visual reasoning through two key dimensions of tool use: Mode Adaptiveness and Tool Effect. Mode Adaptiveness characterizes whether an MLLM recognizes when tools are necessary and invokes them accordingly, avoiding unnecessary computational overhead while improving performance on problems requiring tool assistance. Tool Effect characterizes whether tools extend the model's capabilities on problems unsolvable through tool-free reasoning without introducing errors on problems it can already solve. Our analysis quantifies these properties and reveals that existing models exhibit limited Mode Adaptiveness, while tool-use gains on hard examples are largely offset by harm on easy ones. Motivated by these observations, we propose Beacon, a novel agentic visual reasoning model trained with supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning (RL). Its RL stage combines Necessity-Aware Adaptive Reward and Hint-Guided Capability Expansion. Necessity-Aware Adaptive Reward encourages tool-free solutions when they succeed while preserving full reward for successful tool use when tool-free rollouts fail. Hint-Guided Capability Expansion uses verified, answer-free expert hints to recover learning signals from all-wrong rollout groups, aiming to extend tool-use capability on the hardest problems. Across 13 benchmarks, Beacon achieves the highest average score among the evaluated open-source models and ranks first on 11 benchmarks. On five diagnostic benchmarks, it improves the average tool-available accuracy over its tool-free accuracy by 1.96 points and achieves the largest tool-gain minus tool-harm score (+3.14 points). These results show Beacon's advanced performance, Mode Adaptiveness, and the net benefit of tool use.