Intelligent Human-Centric Cyber-Physical Systems for Industry 5.0 Smart Manufacturing

Abstract

The transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 emphasizes human-centric, sustainable, and intelligent manufacturing by integrating human expertise with advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Digital Twins (DT), Edge Computing, Cloud Computing, Collaborative Robots (Cobots), and Explainable AI (XAI). This paper proposes an Intelligent Human-Centric Cyber-Physical System (HC-CPS) framework comprising six interconnected layers for real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, adaptive production scheduling, quality optimization, and human-centered decision support. A multi-objective optimization model and AI-driven closed-loop decision-making algorithm enhance production efficiency, equipment reliability, energy utilization, product quality, and human–machine collaboration while reducing downtime and operational costs. Human operators remain actively involved through collaborative interfaces that validate or modify AI recommendations. Comparative evaluation demonstrates significant improvements over conventional Industry 4.0 systems in Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE), predictive maintenance, operational safety, and manufacturing flexibility, providing a scalable, resilient, and sustainable foundation for future Industry 5.0 smart factories.