Analysis of Challenges in the Mechanical Design of Offshore Wind Turbines

Abstract

This article examines the key engineering challenges associated with the mechanical design of offshore wind turbines operating in harsh marine environments. The study discusses the main structural categories–foundations, towers, and rotors–emphasizing their suitability for different sea depths and geological conditions. Mechanical factors that significantly influence structural reliability are analysed, including loads, corrosion, fatigue, vibration, and aerodynamic as well as mechanical noise. The research also highlights current technological trends such as the increasing use of composite materials, hybrid tower structures, anti–corrosion solutions, floating platforms for deep–water installations, and smart monitoring systems supported by artificial intelligence. Additionally, the paper evaluates international experience and its relevance to the Baltic Sea region, focusing on Lithuania’s potential and engineering priorities for offshore wind development. The findings show that the integration of modern materials, digital diagnostics, and advanced foundation technologies can considerably improve operational efficiency, reduce maintenance costs, and extend structural lifespan.