Field evaluation of spring wheat genotypes reveals differential resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici in Ethiopia
Abstract
Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by Zymoseptoria tritici, is a major disease of spring wheat in Ethiopia and worldwide. This study evaluated 45 spring wheat genotypes for adult plant resistance under natural infection at Holetta Agricultural Research Center during the 2022 and 2023 seasons. Disease was assessed using two methods: (i) visual estimation of disease severity (DS) as the percentage of leaf area with necrotic lesions bearing pycnidia; and (ii) pycnidial density within lesions scored on a 0–5 scale to classify resistance levels. Combined analysis of variance across years showed significant effects (P ≤ 0.01) of year, genotype, and genotype × year interaction. Genotype accounted for 42.81% of the total variance in mean disease severity (from early grain filling to 70% flag leaf infection with pycnidia-bearing necrosis) and 42.3% of the variance in AUDPC. Mean severity ranged from 46.46% to 73.49% in 2022 and 8.73% to 71.71% in 2023, while pycnidial density ranged from 2.23% to 35.7% and 1.21% to 45.47% in 2022 and 2023, respectively. Four reaction classes were identified: resistant (24.4% and 25.2%), moderately resistant (30.4% and 24.4%), moderately susceptible (22.2% and 20.7%), and susceptible (22.96% and 29.63%) in 2022 and 2023, respectively. ‘Catbird’ was the most susceptible cultivar, whereas ‘Gondo’ was the most resistant. Cluster analysis grouped the cultivars into eight clusters based on STB severity and AUDPC, including two clusters (six genotypes) with resistant responses. These clusters did not include the differential lines used to characterize Z. tritici races, suggesting that the underlying resistance genes require further molecular characterization. The resistant genotypes (Blouk #1, 6B662, Coulter, Erik, Gondo, and ETW17–115) were effective against pathotypes virulent to major Stb genes present in Veranopolis (Stb2, Stb6), Shafir (Stb6), and Estanzuela Federal (Stb7). Disease severity and AUDPC were negatively correlated with plant height, number of tillers per plant, spike length, number of seeds per spike, thousand kernel weights, and grain yield. Correspondence and principal component analyses identified three major groups among the 45 genotypes: resistant, high-yield potential, and susceptible. The resistant genotypes identified here provide valuable material for breeding programs targeting improved resistance to Z. tritici.