Emerging Computing Technologies for Smart Roads: A Systematic Review of Enabling Systems, Challenges, and Future Directions

Abstract

: The rapid increase in vehicle numbers and resulting traffic congestion have amplified critical challenges related to safety, environmental impact, and transportation efficiency. Road accidents account for approximately 1.19 million deaths annually, with an additional 20 to 50 million people injured. Moreover, congestion leads to the loss of nearly 50 billion hours and around 3 billion gallons of fuel each year. These pressing issues necessitate innovative and integrated solutions that can enhance the overall performance of the road. This study investigates the integration of Emerging Computing Technologies (ECT) into smart road infrastructures as a potential response to these challenges. It explores key enabling technologies (e.g., advanced communication systems, the Internet of Things (IoT), sensors, Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data, blockchain, and energy harvesting) for their capacity to support intelligent transportation systems. The paper further reviews real-world applications of smart roads, such as smart traffic lights, automated road maintenance, intelligent lighting, and energy-efficient infrastructure, illustrating their contribution to sustainable urban mobility. In parallel, it examines challenges impeding widespread adoption, including technical limitations, financial and regulatory constraints, cybersecurity risks, and societal acceptance. Finally, the study highlights future opportunities by discussing ongoing advancements in ECT and renewable energy integration, outlining their potential to revolutionize road network efficiency, safety, and sustainability.