Multi-Criteria, Time-Based Performance Evaluation of Facade Systems under Circular Design Principles: A Pilot Study

Abstract

This study introduces a pilot framework for evaluating two facade systems under circular design principles, integrating multi-criteria and time-based assessments. The framework assesses cost, environmental impact, and life cycle assessment (LCA) performance over a 30-year building lifecycle, including maintenance and material recovery potential. Facade A (aluminum panel) and Facade B (timber-based modular system) are compared using a simplified scoring approach. Results indicate that timber-based facades outperform aluminum in environmental and LCA metrics, while cost differences are minimal. The pilot framework demonstrates a practical tool for early-stage design decision-making, highlighting key trade-offs between economic and environmental objectives. This study is intended as a pilot and exploratory application rather than a comprehensive quantitative assessment. Findings suggest that simplified multi-criteria and time-based evaluations can support architects in implementing circular design principles in facade selection, providing a foundation for more comprehensive assessments in future research.