Autism Spectrum Disorder: Comprehensive Understanding, Pharmacological Management and the Pharmacist Role: a literature review

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This is a condition known as “Different Abilities.” is a neurodevelopmental disordercharacterized by deficits in social communication, sensory processing alterations, and repetitive behaviors. Its globalprevalence is estimated at 1 in 160 children, with a reported prevalence of 0.8% in Mexico. ASD is more commonlydiagnosed in males, and prevalence data in Latin America are frequently underestimated due to socioeconomic barriers.As a multifactorial and highly heritable condition with a profound psychosocial impact that often triggers a grievingprocess within families, ASD requires an interdisciplinary approach in which behavioral interventions constitutethe cornerstone of treatment, while pharmacological therapy serves as an off-label adjunct aimed exclusively atmanaging specific symptoms or comorbidities, such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), epilepsy,and sleep disorders. Currently, only risperidone and aripiprazole have been approved by the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration (FDA) for the treatment of irritability associated with ASD. Nevertheless, the clinical profile observed inthe region indicates that more than 50% of pediatric patients are exposed to polypharmacy, increasing the risk ofdrug interactions and adverse effects, primarily metabolic and neurological and compromising treatment adherencedue to resistance to change and sensory barriers commonly experienced by children. In this context, the pharmacistemerges as an essential member of the multidisciplinary team, playing a crucial role in ensuring pharmacotherapeuticfollow-up, identifying and resolving medication-related problems, and providing health education to caregivers.