Aug 2026· Big Data· pp.
2167647X261475615
· 0 citations· 52 references
Medicine
TL;DR
The need to implement multilayered security frameworks, integrating strong encryption, authentication mechanisms, and advanced anomaly detection mechanisms to safeguard WBAN systems is emphasized, focusing on security in WBAN.
Abstract
Wireless body area networks (WBANs) became one of the most pioneering technologies in the medical sector and are known for continuous health monitoring and real-time medical data transmission. However, holding a secure WBAN environment is crucial to protect health-sensitive data and patient privacy from various cyber threats. This article serves as a comprehensive survey of potential security risks, focusing on security in WBAN. A detailed taxonomy of possible attacks is introduced, categorizing threats based on fundamental security services: authenticity, integrity, confidentiality, availability, and nonrepudiation. To alleviate these challenges, an in-depth classification of countermeasures has been provided, portraying detection mechanisms and defense strategies. This article emphasizes the need to implement multilayered security frameworks, integrating strong encryption, authentication mechanisms, and advanced anomaly detection mechanisms to safeguard WBAN systems. Moreover, this study serves as a foundation for future research on enhancing resilience in WBAN technologies.
The medical Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are still susceptible to session hijacking attacks since most of the protocols are only authenticated once, during session establishment. We propose the Multi-Layered Continuous Authentication Protocol (MCAP) based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography, ECG biometrics and Physical-layer Security, which operates as a continuous authentication loop to reduce the mid-session attack window. This three-layer integration is, to our knowledge, not previously demonstrated for WBANs, and is supported by a closed-form trust-degradation bound. Phase I: Mutual authentication with forward secrecy using BAN logic and ProVerif. Under all mobility conditions, the biometric layer provides an 86.7% TPR/3.3% FAR, while MCAP provides 100% impostor blocking under the Clinical conditions. AND-gate fusion decreases the acceptance rate of impostors in degraded environments (46.2%→3.0% Outdoor, 76.4%→4.9% Exercise). The latency for Phase I is ~55ms and the trust score does not fall below the re-authentication threshold over a sustained adversarial session (Wilcoxon p<0.001). The results are simulation based; Hardware validation is left for future work
F. S. Mubarek· Journal of Al-Farabi for Eng...· 0 citations
Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in the healthcare industry, also known as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), have proven to greatly improve patient monitoring, diagnostics, and clinical decision-making. The increasing prevalence of resource-challenged medical devices, wireless connectivity, and cloud services, however, has brought new risks around security and privacy concerns that can now directly impact patient safety and data integrity. In this paper, a thorough study of 41 peer-reviewed research papers from January 2018 through May 2025 revealed the current state of security vulnerabilities and resilience strategies in healthcare IoT systems. It provides a comprehensive analysis of security threats at the device, network, and application levels such as unauthorized access, malware and ransomware, data breaches, and denial-of-service attacks delivered in a systematic manner. This contrasts with existing surveys, which consider single security mechanisms and improve upon various multi-layered security means such as AI-enabled anomaly detection, blockchain-based authentication and auditability, low-compute cryptographic techniques, and privacy-preserving methods such as federated learning. The outcomes also show that although emerging technologies add a great deal of security and trust capabilities, issues on scalability, interoperability, deployment, and regulations are not yet fully addressed. This review highlights important knowledge gaps and offers structured knowledge and future directions for research to address the design of secure, resilient, and practically deployable IoMT architectures for real-world healthcare environments.
M. R. M. Hanan, M. J. A. Sabani· Sri Lankan Journal of Techno...· 0 citations
The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative technology by enabling billions of interconnected devices to communicate, exchange data, and provide intelligent services across diverse application domains such as healthcare, smart cities, agriculture, industrial automation, and transportation. Despite its widespread adoption, the heterogeneous nature of IoT devices, resource constraints, and the increasing sophistication of cyber-attacks have introduced significant security and privacy challenges. Ensuring the security of IoT environments has therefore become a critical requirement for protecting sensitive data, maintaining service availability, and preserving user privacy. This paper presents a comprehensive review of IoT security by examining recent research trends, fundamental security requirements, major threat environments, and practical security guidelines. The study discusses essential security requirements, including confidentiality, integrity, availability, authentication, authorization, non-repudiation, and data freshness. Furthermore, it analyzes security threats at the device, network, cloud, and application layers and summarizes practical measures for developing secure IoT systems. The paper also highlights recent advancements in lightweight authentication, zero-trust security, artificial intelligence-assisted threat detection, and privacy-preserving techniques that strengthen modern IoT ecosystems. The review provides a concise yet comprehensive overview of IoT security concepts and serves as a useful reference for researchers, practitioners, and students interested in developing secure and reliable IoT applications.
Arul Anitha Dr. A· International Journal of Inn...· 0 citations
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have emerged as a crucial technology for applications such as environmental monitoring, healthcare, and military surveillance. However, due to their decentralized architecture, limited computational resources, and open wireless medium, WSNs are highly susceptible to various security threats. The primary problem addressed in this research is the lack of efficient mechanisms for secure authentication and reliable trust evaluation to detect and mitigate malicious node behavior. To overcome this issue, this study proposes an integrated Authentication and Trust Evaluation Method that combines lightweight cryptographic authentication with a dynamic trust management framework. The proposed approach evaluates trust based on parameters such as node reliability, packet forwarding behavior, and data integrity, and updates trust scores in real time. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method significantly enhances security by improving attack detection accuracy, increasing packet delivery ratio, and reducing energy consumption compared to existing techniques. Furthermore, the system effectively isolates malicious nodes, ensuring network stability and data reliability. In conclusion, the proposed model provides a scalable, energy-efficient, and robust solution for securing WSNs against internal and external threats.
Vijay Kumar, Akhtar Husain, Ashwani K. Gupta· International journal of com...· 1 citation
The diverse application scenarios envisioned for sixth generation (6G) are characterized by the deep integration of sensing and ubiquitous connectivity, which imposes unprecedentedly stringent security requirements. However, due to the open nature of wireless channels, mobile communications systems always face severe information security threats such as falsification, spoofing, interception, and repudiation. Cryptography-based symmetric and asymmetric encryption techniques remain mainstream solutions for information protection. Symmetric encryption is efficient and secure for legitimate users but suffers from key-distribution difficulties over open wireless channels, whereas asymmetric encryption resolves this problem but faces increasing risks from quantum computing due to its reliance on structured mathematical hardness assumptions. In response to these limitations, physical layer security (PLS) has gained a great deal of research attention as a powerful security component that leverages the features of varying wireless channels. Existing PLS schemes can be broadly classified into two categories. The first one takes advantage of the legitimate link’s opportunistic channel-quality superiority over or different spatial-domain directions from the attacking link, which still faces many practical implementation difficulties. The second category is termed physical-layer key generation (PLKG). It extracts the unique features of the legitimate link’s channel variation, which is often reciprocal, as the source of secret key generation and therefore can naturally implement secure key distribution tasks. This advantage no doubt injects new vigor to symmetric encryption as a stronger protection approach. Following this trend, we in this paper concentrate on the PLKG techniques. Specifically, we present a comprehensive overview on existing PLKG schemes, discussing diverse secret key generation and reconciliation methods. We further investigate the model-driven and deep-learning-based approaches tailored for the scenario with imperfect channel reciprocity between the sender and receiver. After comprehensively reviewing major existing schemes, we further discuss a recently proposed PLKG design based on codeword reconstruction, which makes use of the strong error-correcting capability of the forward-error-correction (FEC) codes to effectively implement secure and consistent secret key generation between the legitimate sender and receiver. Finally, we share our opinions on the unsolved challenges and potential research directions dedicated to PLKG toward meeting the security requirements of 6G.
Yizhuo Wang, Qinghe Du, Xiao Tang et al.· Electronics· 0 citations
In today's digital landscape, devices seamlessly integrate across a wide range of domains, including smart cities, industry and smart healthcare. Authentication of these entities has become a paramount concern and remains one of the most significant security challenges in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Most IoT authentication schemes rely on two-factor authentication and often struggle to ensure unlinkability, key secrecy, perfect forward secrecy, and resistance to various security threats. To overcome these challenges, researchers are exploring advanced resource-efficient authentication protocols, called multi-factor authentication. In this research, we introduce a novel multi-factor authentication mechanism based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) for IoT devices, which provides an efficient yet secure solution for resource-constrained IoT devices. The proposed protocol is evaluated using AVISPA to formally verify its security features and BAN logic to examine its authentication processes. The results reveal that it provides a high level of security, making it well-suited for a wide range of IoT applications.
A. Benqassmi, S. Bendaoud, F. Amounas et al.· Mathematical Modeling and Co...· 0 citations
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