Energy harvesting and self-powered infrastructure using thermoelectric cement-based materials

Abstract

Growing global demand for sustainable energy and smart infrastructure necessitates energy-harvesting construction materials. Thermoelectric cement-based materials, or thermoelectric concrete, address this need by converting temperature gradients into electrical power through the Seebeck effect. These materials are fabricated by integrating electrically conductive additives, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplatelets, steel fibers, and carbon black, into a cement matrix, providing both structural integrity and functional energy-conversion capabilities. This paper offers a comprehensive review of the material’s thermoelectric mechanisms, composition, fabrication methods, performance characteristics, and potential applications. Focus areas include smart pavements, buildings, and self-powered structural health monitoring systems. By discussing key challenges and technological gaps, this work provides a roadmap for future research directions to support the practical implementation of thermoelectric concrete in next-generation sustainable civil engineering systems.