Abstract Globally, rice is a staple food, with a daily caloric intake of approximately 20%. The purpose of the present study was to identify the important morphological and quality parameters through genotypic and phenotypic association and path analysis in Oryza sativa L. The breeding material used in this experiment comprised 60 diverse genotypes obtained from the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design, with three replicates. Phenotypic data for the different morphological and quality traits were measured at maturity. The results of the analysis of variance showed that all parameters except a few showed significant differences among genotypes, indicating substantial genetic diversity. Correlation analysis revealed that most of the morphological and quality traits exhibited positive associations with each other, indicating that improvements in morphology and quality could be based on these positively associated traits. Path analysis showed that the amylose contents (AC), flag leaf length (FLL), grain length (GL), plant height (PH), number of grains per panicle (GP), grain width (GW), and panicle length (PL) exerted the most prominent positive direct effects yield, highlighting their importance as key selectin traits. In contrast traits traits such as thousand grain weight (TGW), flag leaf area (FLA), grain length into width ratio (L/W ratio), and number of total tillers per plant (TP) showed negative direct effect,Suggesting a complex relationship with yield. The results suggest that improving primarily morphological traits, particularly flag leaf length and width, and grain length, along with the key quality trait amylose contents, which are directly and indirectly linked with yield, could be effective and their selection will facilitate the development of high yield and high quality rice cultivars to meet future food demands.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) improvement depends on the effective utilisation of diverse germplasm and the identification of key yield-contributing traits. The present study evaluated 25 genetically diverse rice germplasm accessions during Kharif 2025 using multivariate genetic diversity, DUS-based morphological characterisation, correlation, and path coefficient analyses. The experiment was conducted in a CRBD with three replications, and observations were recorded for 10 qualitative and 11 quantitative traits. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all quantitative traits, indicating substantial genetic variability. Grain yield per plant exhibited a strong positive association with biological yield per plant (r = 0.99) at both the genotypic and phenotypic levels. Path coefficient analysis identified biological yield per plant (0.92) as the most influential trait, with the highest positive direct effect on grain yield. Mahalanobis D² analysis grouped the genotypes into six distinct clusters, with the maximum inter-cluster distance observed between Clusters II and VI (44.21), indicating their potential value in hybridisation programmes. DUS characterisation revealed considerable qualitative variation that facilitated varietal identification and germplasm differentiation. The findings identified promising and genetically diverse germplasm accessions that may provide useful parental material for yield improvement and the broadening of the genetic base of future rice-breeding populations.
Dhamarasingu Gayathri, A. Pandey, Madduri Usha Sri et al.· International Journal of Pla...· 0 citations
Purpose: Around the globe, wheat is a significant cereal crop, used for food, feed, and raw materials. The study’s main objective was to examine the diversity and variability of yield and its attributing traits among sixty (60) locally cultivated wheat genotypes of Bangladesh based on genetic analyses to formulate appropriate breeding strategies for further improvements.Research Method: A total of sixty wheat genotypes were evaluated in the field using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to assess ten yield and yield-related parameters. Statistical analysis was conducted using R-studio software to gauge the genetic variance among these sixty wheat genotypes.Findings and Values: The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results revealed a high degree of genetic variation. The study indicated that grain production per plant exhibited the highest Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV%) and Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV%), along with significant genetic advance and strong heritability. This suggests that selecting for this trait would be an efficient breeding strategy. Additionally, the number of tillers per plant, grains per spike, grains per plant, and grain yield per plant showed significant positive correlations. Shatabdi, SA-8, and PV-79 genotypes were associated with the highest yields. The work selects promising genotypes with a wide genetic diversity for yield and attributing traits, which can be used for further varietal improvement in Bangladesh.
I. Jahan, S. Muntaha, G. Sagor· Journal of Agricultural Scie...· 0 citations
Genetic variability and reliable heritability estimates are prerequisites for effective selection in plant breeding. This study assessed heritability and trait correlations for yield and yield-related characters in ten safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes. The experiment was carried out during the Rabi season of 2025–2026 at the Experimental Field, Botanical Garden, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was used. Nine yield and yield-related traits were recorded and analyzed. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences among the genotypes for all studied traits, indicating the presence of substantial genetic variability and considerable potential for genetic improvement through selection. Based on mean performance, genotypes PI-304093 and PI-306956 exhibited superior performance for most of the evaluated traits, suggesting their potential as valuable genetic resources for developing high-yielding safflower cultivars. Correlation analysis showed that most yield-related traits were positively and significantly associated with one another, indicating the possibility of simultaneous improvement through selection. High broad-sense heritability estimates were observed for days to 90% maturity (96.23%), plant height (97.99%), days to 75% flowering (95.09%), biomass per plant (79.97%), seed yield per plant (78.84%), oil content (67.69%), harvest index (62.25%), and capsules per plant (61.93%). These results indicate that direct phenotypic selection can be effective for most traits, and that harvest index may serve as a useful indirect selection criterion for improving seed yield. Genotypes PI-304093 and PI-306956 are recommended as promising parental material for safflower breeding, while multi-location, multi-season trials are suggested to confirm their stability before use in cultivar development.
Benazir Unar, Abdul Ghaffar Shar, Bisma Wassan et al.· Kashmir Journal of Academic...· 0 citations
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major staple crop possesses extensive genetic variability, particularly among traditional landraces that serve as valuable resources for yield improvement, stress tolerance and nutritional enhancement. The present study evaluated 130 rice genotypes for 21 agro-morphological traits and physiological traits under field conditions using an augmented design during kharif 2024. Genetic divergence was estimated using Mahalanobis D² statistics and genotypes were grouped using Tocher’s clustering method. The analysis classified genotypes into 33 clusters, with Cluster 1 comprising the highest number of entries (22), while Clusters 12–33 were represented by highly divergent singleton genotypes. Large clusters were characterised by early flowering, moderate maturity and optimal plant height, whereas medium and singleton clusters exhibited distinct trait combinations such as higher grain yield, longer flag leaf, increased tiller number, elevated chlorophyll content (SPAD) and greater 1000-seed weight. The presence of substantial inter-cluster divergence suggests wide genetic variability among the studied genotypes. Selection of genetically distant parents, particularly from singleton and medium clusters, may enhance heterosis and recombination for yield and adaptive traits. These findings provide insights into the genetic diversity of rice germplasm and support strategic parent selection for developing high-yielding, climate-resilient and nutritionally improved rice varieties.
Hariharan, R. Mahendran, K. Satheeskumar et al.· Plant Science Today· 0 citations
Sodic soils, characterised by excessive sodium ion accumulation, significantly hamper rice productivity in major cultivation zones. This study aimed to assess genetic variability, divergence and inheritance parameters among 89 rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes under sodic soil conditions to identify promising lines donor lines for breeding programs. The experiment was conducted during kharif 2021 at a single site (ANDUAT, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh) using an augmented block design (ABD) with 5 blocks and 13 quantitative traits were recorded. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Mahalanobis D² cluster analysis used to determine genetic divergence and trait contributions to variability. Significant differences were observed among genotypes for all traits, indicating substantial genetic variability. Eight clusters were formed among which cluster II comprised the highest number of genotypes was 16, while Cluster III exhibited the highest inter-cluster distance (3.15), revealing its potential for identifying genetically diverse parental lines. The first 5 principal components showed 62.06 % of the total phenotypic variance, with PC1 (19.36 %) and PC2 (13.18 %) contributing most to total variation. Key traits contributing to this variation included grain yield per plant (GYP), biological yield (BY), plant height (PH), flag leaf area (FLA) and spikelet fertility (SF). The PC1 was primarily associated with the GYP (-0.5721) and biological yield per plant (-0.5187), whereas PC2 was influenced mainly by spikelet fertility (0.4130) and days to maturity (0.4241). Broad-sense heritability was ranged from 3.20 % to 96.63 % across different traits. Biological yield per plant exhibited the highest heritability (96.63 %), followed by grain yield and flag leaf area, which also showed high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean, indicating predominant additive gene action and high selection efficiency. Promising genotypes such as WHM-1024 (25.96 g) and WHM-1016 (25.63 g) demonstrated high grain yield, whereas TCN-2080 (84.00), TCN-2066 (90.00) RAU-3074 (90.00), and NDR-2065 (119.00) showed early flowering and maturity. The integration of multivariate and genetic parameter analyses provides a robust basis for selection of genetically diverse parents and key yield-contributing traits for sodicity-tolerant rice breeding programs.
S. Poonam, C. Subhash, B. Uma et al.· Plant Science Today· 0 citations
The present investigation was undertaken to assess genetic variability among thirty rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes and to identify reliable indirect selection criteria for grain yield through correlation and path coefficient analysis. Thirty genotypes were evaluated in a randomised block design with three replications during Kharif 2025 at the Field Experimentation Centre, Naini Agricultural Institute, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, for thirteen quantitative traits. Analysis of variance showed highly significant genotypic differences for twelve of the thirteen characters, confirming substantial genetic variability in the material. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as a percentage of the mean was recorded for number of spikelets per panicle (98.4%; 41.1%), biological yield per plant (71.2%; 23.6%) and grain yield per plant (69.9%; 22.8%), indicating predominantly additive gene action and good scope for direct phenotypic selection for these traits. Grain yield showed a strong positive genotypic correlation with test weight (1.09), biological yield (0.871) and harvest index (0.715), and path analysis confirmed biological yield and harvest index as the traits with the largest positive direct effects on grain yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels; test weight, despite its strong correlation with yield, acted mainly through indirect effects channelled via these two traits. The genotype DRRH2 combined the highest grain yield with high biological yield, harvest index and test weight and, together with 72-Dhan-59, 80-NLR-40024 and Vikramarya, is proposed as a promising donor for future hybridisation programmes aimed at raising grain yield in rice.
Anwesha Dey, G. M. Lal, Shashank Mishra· International Journal of Pla...· 0 citations
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