Integrating non-communicable disease screening to COVID-19 and human immunodeficiency virus care in Johannesburg South Africa: a pilot model for low- and middle-income countries

Abstract

Background The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the relationship between infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), highlighting increased risks for people with pre-existing chronic conditions. This study piloted an integrated care model for NCD and infectious disease screening in healthcare settings. The aim of this study is to show that integrating NCD screening into existing HIV clinics and COVID-19 vaccine delivery clinics leads to better pandemic preparedness. Methods From October 2023 to December 2023, we conducted a cross sectional prospective, low interventional study involving 461 participants from two health care clinics in Johannesburg, South Africa using convenience sampling. Screening included blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), HbA1c, lipid profile, glucose, and kidney function assessments. Data were analyzed to identify NCD prevalence and key risk factors. Results Newly diagnosed NCDs were found in 73.9% of participants. The most common were kidney disease (31.7%), obesity (28.9%), and dyslipidaemia (25.8%). Modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, including obesity (63.9%) and alcohol use (50%), were widespread. Conclusion Integrating NCD screening into HIV and COVID-19 services is achievable, offers a valuable opportunity for early detection and intervention. Scaling such models could strengthen health systems in resource-limited settings.