Nutritional status and lifestyle risk factors associated with colorectal cancer: A case-control study at a tertiary cancer hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia
2026· BIO Web of Conferences· Vol 243, pp. 01004· 0 citations· 9 references
TL;DR
Findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors and nutritional management as part of colorectal cancer prevention strategies in Indonesia and highlight the importance of promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors and nutritional management.
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major public health concern in Asia, with a rapidly increasing incidence in Indonesia. This study aimed to examine the association between nutritional status and modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors with colorectal cancer incidence at Dharmais Cancer Hospital, Indonesia. A hospital-based case–control study was conducted, which involved 74 participants, consisting of 37 colorectal cancer patients (cases) and 37 non-cancer controls. Data were collected between February and April 2025 through structured interviews, validated questionnaires, and medical record reviews. Bivariate analysis using chi-square tests and logistic regression identified significant differences between cases and controls in age, smoking status, coffee consumption, and physical activity (p<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age ≥50 years was strongly associated with colorectal cancer risk (OR=8.255; 95% CI: 2.240–30.422), as was low physical activity (OR=4.122; 95% CI: 1.182–14.373). Coffee consumption showed a significant association with colorectal cancer, where consumption of 2–3 cups/day was inversely associated with risk (OR=0.054; 95% CI: 0.005–0.566), while lower levels of consumption (<1 cup/day) were associated with increased risk (OR=1.891; 95% CI: 0.280–12.771). These findings highlight the importance of promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors and nutritional management as part of colorectal cancer prevention strategies in Indonesia.
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is indicated to augment the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study investigate the possible association between T2DM and CRC in Pakistani population. Methods: This case-control study was executed at the Oncology Department, Atomic Energy Cancer Hospital (AECH), NORI, Islamabad. Cases enrolled were histologically confirmed CRC patients, aged 18 years or older at the time of diagnosis. Exclusion criteria consisted of patients under 18 years, those with prior history of inflammatory bowel disease, previous cancer diagnosis other than CRC or familial adenomatous polyposis. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire, covering demographics, diabetes status, and dietary habits. The association between T2DM and CRC was assessed using Fisher exact test, calculating 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and odds ratios (ORs). A p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: After screening, 216 individuals (108 cases and 108 controls) were enrolled. The association of T2DM with risk of CRC was statistically significant with a raised OR 13.38; 95% CI 1.71-104.79; p = 0.013. Among colorectum subsites, the highest OR was observed for proximal colon cancer (OR = 26.75; 95% CI 2.57- 277.85; p = 0.005). The association was predominantly found to be significant for males (OR 10.20; 95 % CI 1.25-82.88; p = 0.029) as compared to females (OR 7.58; 95 % CI 0.38-151.73; p = 0.18). All of the diabetic men with colorectal cancer, had age more than 45 years, forming a high risk sub-group. Conclusion: T2DM was a potential risk factor for CRC, particularly for men aged over 45 years and presenting with proximal colon cancer.
Maryam Arif, Hasan Nisar, Sadia Mardan et al.· Journal of Pharma and Biomed...· 0 citations
This study aimed to investigate the effects of demographic factors, diet, sleep patterns, and physical exercise on the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Hunan, China. This study consecutively recruited patients newly diagnosed with CRC between July 30, 2020, and October 27, 2021. Each case was individually matched in a 1:1 ratio with one of the patient’s family members’ data control based on gender and age (±2 years). Additionally, efforts were made to ensure that matches were closely aligned with respect to educational level, place of residence, and occupation. The results showed that participants with primary school education or below were more likely to develop CRC compared with those with college education or above (OR = 5.693, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.789–41.076, P = .085). A balanced diet appears to be a risk factor for CRC compared with a plant-preference diet (PPD) (OR = 1.726, 95%CI = 0.980–3.040, P = .059). The risk of CRC was 1.542 times higher in participants who drank carbonated beverages than in those who did not (OR = 1.542, 95%CI = 0.989–2.405, P = .056). Participants with a walking habit exhibited a protective factor relative to those without a walking habit (OR = 0.533, 95%CI = 0.392–0.725, P < .001). After adjusting for gender and age, our case-control study found that the following factors were associated with an increased risk of CRC: consumption of carbonated soft drinks, lack of exercise, having a balanced diet compared with a PPD, and educational attainment at primary school level or below compared with college or higher. It should be noted that people with higher education level, regular exercise routines, and walking habits can reduce their risk of CRC. However, this paired study failed to prove the influence of alcohol consumption (AC) and smoking on the incidence of CRC. Since the incidence of CRC is the result of complex effects of multiple factors, further research is needed to discover its mechanism.
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal malignancy, and its incidence is increasing among younger individuals. Although smoking, alcohol use, and unhealthy diet are established risk factors, the cumulative impact of multiple lifestyle exposures on age at diagnosis remains unclear. This study aimed to estimate the combined burden of lifestyle and environmental risks associated with the timing of pancreatic cancer diagnosis.
We conducted a hospital-based retrospective case-only study including 134 patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer between 2020 and 2025. Data on family history of pancreatic cancer, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary patterns, exercise, and occupational chemical exposure were collected through structured interviews and medical record reviews. Cox proportional hazards models using age at diagnosis as the time scale were used to evaluate associations between exposures and earlier diagnosis. Lifestyle factors were integrated into a cumulative exposure index and analyzed using Cox models with adjustment for the remaining covariates.
The mean age at diagnosis was 64.8 years. A significant difference in age at diagnosis was observed across smoking categories, with current smokers having the youngest mean age, whereas no significant difference was observed across alcohol consumption categories. Patients with triple exposure had the youngest mean age at diagnosis (55.5 years), followed by those with double (63.5 years), single (64.8 years), and no (69.0 years) exposures. Compared with no exposure, single, double, and triple exposures were associated with progressively higher hazards of earlier diagnosis (HR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.14–2.81,
p
= 0.011; HR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.67–5.28,
p
< 0.001; and HR = 6.66, 95% CI: 3.35–13.22,
p
< 0.001, respectively).
Our findings indicate a significant association between a higher combined exposure index and earlier age at pancreatic cancer diagnosis. This exposure–response gradient suggests that a greater accumulation of adverse lifestyle exposures corresponds to earlier age at diagnosis among affected patients.
Not applicable.
Fu-Jen Lee, L. Chien, Jaw-Town Lin et al.· BMC Gastroenterology· 0 citations
Background Dietary phytochemicals have been suggested to play a protective role against cancer development. This study aimed to examine the association between dietary phytochemical index (DPI) and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) risk among Chinese women. Methods In this retrospective case–control study, 500 women (250 newly diagnosed EOC patients and 250 cancer-free participants) were included. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and DPI was calculated as the percentage of energy derived from phytochemical-rich foods. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between DPI and EOC risk. Results Higher DPI was significantly associated with lower odds of EOC. Each one-unit increase in DPI was linked to a reduced risk in both crude and adjusted models (fully adjusted OR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.81–0.99). Participants in the highest DPI tertile had a 31% lower odds of EOC compared to those in the lowest tertile (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.49–0.96). The inverse association was more pronounced among overweight/obese women (P for interaction = 0.041). Conclusion Greater adherence to a phytochemical-rich diet may be associated with reduced risk of EOC. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Yu'e Yang, Rui-Qi Zhang, Meng-Wei Zhu et al.· Frontiers in Nutrition· 0 citations
BACKGROUND
Pancreatic cancer is relatively rare but remains one of the most lethal tumors. Identifying modifiable risk factors is a crucial step to reduce disease burden. Evidence suggests a potential role of type 2 diabetes mellitus in its pathogenesis.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association between dietary patterns related to diabetes and pancreatic cancer risk in a European population.
METHODS
A total of 367,395 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study were included. After a median follow-up of 14.9 years, 926 incident cases were identified. The Diabetes Risk Reduction Diet (DRRD), the Empirical Dietary Index for Hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) and the Empirical Dietary Index for Insulin Resistance (EDIR) were estimated from food frequency questionnaires at recruitment. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between dietary patterns and pancreatic cancer were calculated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models, adjusted for relevant confounders.
RESULTS
Adherence to DRRD showed no association with risk of pancreatic cancer (HRT3vsT1 = 0.94, 95% CI 0.79-1.12). Higher adherence to EDIH was associated with a borderline 19% increased pancreatic cancer risk (HRT3vsT1 = 1.19, 95% CI 0.99-1.44). No significant associations were observed in relation to EDIR. No heterogeneity was observed among the subgroups.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher adherence to a hyperinsulinemic dietary pattern may contribute to the risk of developing pancreatic cancer in our population. Further research is warranted to elucidate the potential role of dietary factors in cancer risk prevention.
L.F. Torres-Laiton, W. Balcerzak, R. Zamora et al.· Journal of NutriLife· 0 citations
Smoking exposure, occupational hazards, unhealthy indoor environments, and chronic pulmonary diseases are important determinants of lung cancer in North Sumatra and public health strategies focusing on tobacco control, improved workplace safety, and reduction of indoor air pollution may substantially reduce lung cancer burden.
Putri Aulia Anwar, Noni Novisari Soeroso, Setia Putra Tarigan et al.· Experimental oncology· 0 citations
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