Development and Performance Evaluation of an IoT-Based Greenhouse System for Soil Moisture and Temperature Control in Mustard Greens Cultivation

Abstract

Environmental conditions, particularly soil moisture and temperature, play an important role in mustard greens (Brassica juncea) cultivation. However, conventional greenhouse management often relies on periodic manual observations, which limit continuous monitoring and timely environmental control. This study developed and evaluated an Internet of Things (IoT)-based greenhouse system for real-time environmental monitoring, automatic control, and remote notification using Telegram. Unlike monitoring-oriented systems that primarily provide environmental data or systems requiring manual intervention, the proposed system integrates a NodeMCU ESP8266, environmental sensors, actuators, and a Telegram-based interface to combine continuous monitoring, automated control, and remote status notifications within a single framework. System performance was evaluated in terms of sensor measurement error and communication delay. Experimental results showed average measurement errors of 1.3% for temperature and 1.1% for humidity, while the average Telegram notification delay was 0.513425 s under the tested conditions. The system also operated according to its predefined control algorithm, demonstrating its capability to support automated environmental management. However, this evaluation focused on technical system performance and did not include quantitative measurements of plant growth, such as plant height, leaf number, or biomass. Therefore, the results demonstrate the system's operational feasibility for greenhouse monitoring and control but do not establish a direct improvement in mustard greens growth or productivity. The proposed system provides a technical foundation for future studies investigating the relationship between automated environmental control and plant growth performance.