Protein Consumption and Dietary Transition Patterns in Central and Eastern Europe - Implications for Sustainable Consumption

Abstract

The present study analyzes the long-term evolution of protein consumption patterns in Central and Eastern Europe, with a focus on structural changes between animal-based and plant-based proteins. It explores how these changes reflect transformations in food systems and dietary behavior amongst the general population. The analysis is based on secondary data derived from FAO food balance sheets, accessed through the Our World in Data platform, for the period 1961–2023. Three indicators are used: total protein consumption, animal-based protein consumption, and plant-based protein consumption (g/capita/day). The approach is descriptive and comparative, and it is complemented by statistical indicators (mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation) and convergence/divergence analysis between countries. The results highlight a general increase in total protein consumption in all countries analyzed, accompanied by significant structural changes in protein sources. Most countries show a transition towards higher consumption of animal-based protein and a relative reduction of plant-based protein. However, the intensity and stability of these changes differ considerably. While some countries (Poland, Serbia) show sharp increases and structural transformations, others (Bulgaria, Slovakia) show more moderate developments. The analysis also indicates a trend of divergence between countries. The study provides a long-term comparative perspective on protein consumption in a region insufficiently explored in the literature. The results provide relevant information for decision-makers, highlighting the need to integrate nutritional and sustainability dimensions into food policies and future dietary transitions.