Diversity and distribution of Bartonella spp. in domestic animals, wildlife, and ectoparasites in Brazil: a comprehensive review.

Abstract

Bartonella are intracellular Gram-negative blood-borne bacteria capable of infecting a wide range of hosts, primarily mammals and birds. They are responsible for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases characterized by persistent intraerythrocytic bacteremia in mammals. Out of 49 species described, 13 presents zoonotic potential. This review aimed to update the current knowledge on the occurrence, distribution, and genetic diversity of Bartonella in domestic animals, wild mammals and birds, and ectoparasites in Brazil. A total of 72 scientific articles published between 2007 and 2026 were included. The available information indicates that the Southeastern and Central-Western regions of Brazil account for most reports of Bartonella in animals and ectoparasites, whereas the Northern and Northeastern regions remain comparatively understudied. Overall, studies investigating Bartonella in Brazil have become increasingly frequent and geographically widespread over the years. Although some investigations rely on single-gene analyses, most employ multi-locus sequence analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction, providing stronger evidence for species identification and diversity. In contrast, relatively few studies have incorporated whole-genome sequencing or comprehensive phenotypic and biochemical characterization through bacterial isolation and blood culture. Future research should prioritize advanced genomic approaches and bacterial isolation to improve our understanding of the diversity, evolution, and epidemiology of Bartonella circulating in Brazil.