Effect of Weed Management Practices and Iron Levels on Nodulation and Yield Attributes of Kharif Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Arid Western Rajasthan
Jul 2026· Asian Research Journal of Agriculture· Vol 19, pp. 279-287· 0 citations
Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the kharif seasons of 2024 and 2025 at the College of Agriculture, S.K. Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India. The experiment comprised seven weed management practices and four iron fertilisation levels, resulting in 28 treatment combinations. These treatments were evaluated in a factorial randomised block design with three replications. Groundnut variety HNG-123, a semi-spreading (Virginia bunch) cultivar, was sown at a seed rate of 100 kg ha⁻¹ with a spacing of 30 cm × 10 cm. The results revealed that weed management practices and iron levels significantly influenced the nodulation and yield attributes of kharif groundnut. Among the weed management treatments, the weed-free treatment recorded the highest number of nodules (67.39 plant⁻¹), nodule dry weight (1.92 g plant⁻¹), pods per plant (19.95) and kernels per pod (1.98). Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ as pre-emergence followed by fomesafen + fluazifop-p-butyl @ 25 g a.i. ha⁻¹ at 20 DAS recorded 65.50 nodules plant⁻¹ and remained statistically at par with the weed-free treatment. In contrast, the weedy check consistently recorded the lowest values for all these parameters. Among the iron levels, the application of 6 kg FeSO₄ ha⁻¹ as a basal dose along with two foliar sprays of FeSO₄ @ 0.5% at 30 and 45 DAS significantly improved nodulation and yield attributes, recording the highest number of nodules (62.32 plant⁻¹), nodule dry weight (1.67 g plant⁻¹), pods per plant (19.02) and kernels per pod (1.57). The seed index remained statistically unaffected by weed management practices and iron levels.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is the major oilseed crop in India and it plays a major role in bridging the vegetable oil deficit in the country. Weed infestation poses a significant challenge and is a serious problem in reducing the productivity of groundnut. The sole application of herbicides is unable to control the later germinating weeds; hence, to mitigate the weed-related losses and increase the yield, an integrated weed management strategy needs to be studied. In view of the above, the present investigation was planned to evaluate the “effect of herbicide mixture and mechanical weeding on weed dynamics and yield of kharif groundnut”. The field experiment was conducted in the loamy sand soil of All India Coordinated Research Project on Weed Management (AICRP) on Weed Management Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, during three consecutive kharif seasons of 2022–24. The experiment was laid out in a randomised block design (RBD) with three replications. The treatments included T1: Pendimethalin 30 % emulsifiable concentrate (EC) 750 g active ingredient per hectare (a.i./ha), T2: Flumioxazin 50 % suspension concentrate (SC) 125 g a.i./ha, T3: Diclosulam 84 % water dispersible granules (WDG) 25.2 g a.i./ha, T4: Oxyfluorfen 23.5 % EC + pendimethalin 30 % EC (tank mix) 188 + 500 g a.i./ha, T5: Diclosulam 84 % WDG + pendimethalin 30 % EC (tank mix) 25.2 + 500 g a.i./ha, T6: Pendimethalin 30 % + imazethapyr 2 % EC (ready mix (RM)) 800 g a.i./ha, T7: Sodium acifluorfen 16.5 % + clodinafop propargyl 8 % EC (RM) 245 g a.i./ha, T8: Fluazifop-p-butyl 11.1 % w/w + fomesafen 11.1 % w/w soluble concentrate (SL) (RM) 250 g a.i./ha, T9: Propaquizafop 2.5 % + imazethapyr 3.75 % w/w micro-emulsion (ME) (RM) 125 g a.i./ha, T10: Quizalofop ethyl 7.5 % + imazethapyr 15 % w/w EC (RM) 90 g a.i./ha, T11: Intercultivation (IC) followed by hand weeding (HW) at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) and T12: Weedy check. In treatments T₁–T₁₀, IC followed by HW at 40 DAS was carried out as a common practice. Results revealed that significantly lower density and dry biomass of weeds, weed index, higher weed control efficiency, shelling percentage, seed index, pod yield and benefit-to-cost ratio (B: C) were recorded in application of either diclosulam 25.2 g a.i./ha pre-emergence (PE) followed by IC + HW at 40 DAS or sodium acifluorfen + clodinafop propargyl 245 g a.i./ha post-emergence (PoE) followed by IC + HW at 40 DAS or fluazifop-p-butyl + fomesafen 250 g a.i./ha PoE followed by IC + HW at 40 DAS or propaquizafop + imazethapyr 125 g a.i./ha PoE followed by IC + HW at 40 DAS or IC followed by HW at 20 and 40 DAS. Residue of all the applied herbicides in groundnut mature pods, stover and in soil were found below the limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg at the time of harvest.
V. J. Patel, D. Chaudhari, H. K. Patel et al.· Plant Science Today· 0 citations
Low soil fertility and inappropriate fertilizer management remain major constraints to seed yam production in the Nigerian savanna. This study evaluated the influence of NPK fertilizer types and rates on growth attributes, chlorophyll content, and tuber yield of Kpamyo yam (Dioscorea rotundata L.) minitubers. Field experiments were conducted during the 2023 and 2024 cropping seasons at the IITA research farm, Kubwa, Abuja, using a split–split plot design with three replications. Treatments consisted of three planting populations (266,000, 133,000 and 88,000 plant ha-1), three fertilizer types (NPK 15:15:15, 20:10:10, and 27:13:13), and four fertilizer rates (0, 200, 400, and 600 kgha⁻¹). Growth parameters, chlorophyll content (SPAD), and yield attributes were measured and subjected to analysis of variance. Results showed that fertilizer types and rates significantly (p<0.05) affected plant height, leaf area index, chlorophyll content, tuber yield, sett multiplication ratio and harvest index. NPK 27:13:13 promoted the most vigorous vegetative growth but produced comparatively lower tuber yield and harvest index, in contrast, NPK 15:15:15 consistently resulted in higher chlorophyll content and superior yield performance. Tuber yield increased with fertilizer rate up to 400 kg ha-1 but declined at 600 kg ha-1. Plant population density significantly influenced tuber size, with higher densities reducing mean tuber weight due to increased competition. The application of NPK 15:15:15 at 400 kg ha-1 provides the optimum nutrient combination for maximizing physiological efficiency and tuber yield of Kpamyo yam minitubers under Southern Guinea Savanna conditions, offering a practical strategy for improving seed yam production in Nigeria.
C.B. Tapgun, P.Z. Chuwang, B. Aighewi et al.· Journal of Agriculture and E...· 0 citations
A three-year field experiment was conducted at the College Farm, College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Bharuch, Gujarat, during the kharif seasons of 2022–23, 2023–24, and 2024–25 to evaluate the growth, yield attributes, and productivity of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) under rainfed conditions. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomised block design with three replications and nine treatment combinations comprising three sulphur levels (0, 20, and 40 kg S ha⁻¹) and three zinc levels (0, 2.5, and 5.0 kg Zn ha⁻¹). In the pooled analysis, sulphur at 40 kg S ha⁻¹ significantly increased plant population at 30 DAS, plant height at 30 DAS and harvest, number of cobs per plant, fresh grain weight per cob, average cob weight, green cob yield, and stover yield. Zinc at 5.0 kg Zn ha⁻¹ significantly improved fresh grain weight per cob, average cob weight, green cob yield, and stover yield; however, its effects on pooled plant population, plant height, and number of cobs per plant were non-significant. The sulphur × zinc interaction was non-significant for all measured variables. The highest pooled green cob and stover yields were 8.38 and 10.84 t ha⁻¹, respectively, with 40 kg S ha⁻¹, and 8.17 and 10.48 t ha⁻¹, respectively, with 5.0 kg Zn ha⁻¹. The results indicate that the observed crop responses were primarily associated with the independent effects of sulphur and zinc.
S. M. Bambhaneeya, N. H. Garaniya, A. D. Raj· Asian Research Journal of Ag...· 0 citations
AbstractA field experiment was conducted during the winter (Rabi) seasons of 2023-24 and 2024-25 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to evaluate the effects of rice residue and nitrogen management on weeds in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) of rice (Oryza sativa L.)- should be in the middle oilseed rape rotation. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. Main plot treatments included three rice residue management practices involving oilseed rape seeding with Happy seeder (Happy seeder), surface seeding-cum-mulching, and conventional method while the subplot treatments comprised of three nitrogen levels, viz. 75%, 100% and 125% of the recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN). Among the rice residue management practices, both the surface seeding-cum-mulching and Happy seeder method recorded significantly lower weed density and biomass compared to the conventional method at 30 days after sowing (DAS). Application of 75% RDN resulted in significantly lower weed density and biomass at 30 DAS compared with 100% and 125% RDN. Further, application of 125% RDN increased seed yield by 19.6% over 75% RDN, whereas 100% RDN produced a 15.3% higher yield than 75% RDN. The highest weed density and biomass were observed with the conventional method, indicating that residue retention practices using Happy seeder and surface seeding-cum-mulching methods, combined with 75% nitrogen dose were more effective in suppressing weed emergence and growth in oilseed rape based on the two-year pooled analysis. Happy seeder-sown oilseed rape produced 10.4% and 23.3% higher seed yield than conventional method and surface seeding-cum-mulching, respectively.
Poonam, H. Singh, Simerjeet Kaur et al.· Indian Journal of Weed Scien...· 0 citations
A field experiment entitled Effect of Organic Manures, Rhizobium and Bijamrit on Growth and Yield of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek]” was conducted at the Dr. B.R.C. Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, during Kharif 2024 on a loamy sand soil. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with twelve treatment combinations replicated three times. The treatments comprised four organic manures, viz., FYM @ 6 t ha⁻¹, vermicompost @ 2 t ha⁻¹, poultry manure @ 0.75 t ha⁻¹, and Jivamrit @ 500 L ha⁻¹ (soil application) + 10% foliar spray at 30 DAS, along with three seed treatments, viz., Bijamrit @ 200 ml kg⁻¹ seed, Rhizobium @ 25 ml kg⁻¹ seed, and Bijamrit + Rhizobium. The results revealed that nutrient management through organic sources significantly influenced the growth and yield attributes of mungbean. Application of poultry manure @ 0.75 t ha⁻¹ significantly increased plant height, dry matter accumulation, branches per plant, pods per plant, grains per pod, grain yield, stover yield, and biological yield over the other organic manures; however, it remained statistically at par with vermicompost @ 2 t ha⁻¹. Similar trends were observed for seed protein content, available soil N, P, and K at harvest, and microbial population at harvest. The highest benefit-cost ratio (4.1) was recorded with poultry manure. Among the seed treatments, the combined application of Bijamrit @ 200 ml kg⁻¹ seed and Rhizobium @ 25 ml kg⁻¹ seed recorded the highest growth and yield attributes and was found statistically at par with Rhizobium @ 25 ml kg⁻¹ seed alone. The highest benefit-cost ratio (3.4) was also recorded under the combined application of Bijamrit and Rhizobium. The study concluded that the application of poultry manure @ 0.75 t ha⁻¹ along with seed treatment of Bijamrit @ 200 ml kg⁻¹ seed + Rhizobium @ 25 ml kg⁻¹ seed significantly enhanced mungbean yield and economic returns.
Suman Karwa, R. Sutaliya, Mahendra Junjariya et al.· Journal of Eco-friendly Agri...· 0 citations
Field Experiments were conducted at Agronomy Research farm, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (Uttar Pradesh, India), during Kharif season of 2024 and 2025.The study was carried in a split plot design with 3 replications. In main plot 3 rice establishment methods and in sub plot 5 weed management practices were included. The results revealed that transplanting methods of sowing registered the highest nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium uptake by rice crop and lowest nutrient removal through weeds. Among weed management practices, maximum uptake by rice with respect to nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and minimum removal by weed regarding N, P and K was recorded in treatment hand weeding at 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS/DAT which was observed statistically at par with pre application of pendimethalin @ 1000 g a.i. ha-1 f/b brown manuring by bispyribac sodium @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 at 25 DAS/DAT. Among different weed management practices, combined application of pendimethalin @ 1000 g a.i. ha-1 f/b brown manuring by bispyribac sodium @ 25 g a.i. ha-1 or hand weeding 15, 30, 45 and 60 DAS/DAT was found effective in controlling weeds and increase in the quality and quantity of rice. Among the establishment method transplanting was found effective in increase in the yield, nutrient content of the crop and substantially reduction of nutrients removed by weed in rice field.
Mayank Mani Tripathi, A. Singh, Utkarsh Singh et al.· Environment and Ecology· 0 citations
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