APOE4 and cardiovascular disease: Interplay of dietary fats in modulating LDL levels

Abstract

Introduction Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene significantly affects lipid metabolism and CVD susceptibility, with its isoforms exerting different effects on cholesterol levels and cardiovascular health. Of particular concern is the APOE4 allele, which is linked to dyslipidemia, elevated LDL-C levels, and increased oxidative stress, thereby heightening the risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. This review explores the complex relationship between APOE genotypes, lipid metabolism, and CVD risk, with a specific focus on the APOE4 allele.  Materials and Methods This review followed a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Implementing a pre-defined eligibility and screening criteria, 48 studies were included in the review. Results It highlights the influence of dietary fat intake on lipid profiles and the potential for targeted nutritional interventions in individuals carrying the APOE4 allele to mitigate genetic risk. Despite evidence linking APOE4 to impaired lipid clearance and cardiovascular pathology, research examining the interplay of genetics, nutrition, and metabolism in CVD remains limited.  Conclusion This paper emphasizes the importance of personalized dietary strategies tailored to an individual's APOE genotype to improve lipid metabolism, reduce CVD risk, and enhance overall cardiovascular health. By better understanding the genetic-nutritional relationship, clinicians and researchers can design more effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for individuals at higher genetic risk for CVD.