Impact of sowing dates and plant growth regulators on productivity and economics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties under sub-tropical conditions of Jammu
A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2022−23 at the Research Farm, Division of Agronomy, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. The soil of the experimental site was sandy clay loam, slightly alkaline with low organic carbon and available nitrogen (N), medium available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The experiment consisted of three sowing dates (viz., D1 : 25th November, D2: 15th December and D3: 5th January) in main plot, two wheat varieties (viz., V1: JAUW 672 and V2: DBW 303) in sub plot and two plant growth regulators (viz., T1: Control, T2: Bacillus subtilis at 5 g/kg seed + paclobutrazol at 50 ppm at 30 and 60 DAS and T3: B. subtilis at 5 g/kg seed + kinetin at 10 ppm applied at 30 and 60 DAS) in sub-sub plot replicated thrice in split-split plot design. The experimental results revealed that among different treatments 25th November sowing dates, variety DBW 303 and plant growth regulators paclobutrazol at 50 ppm along with B. subtilis at 5 g/kg seed, recorded significantly higher leaf area index (LAI) (3.91, 3.61 and 3.63), soil plant analysis development (SPAD) (42.48, 39.68 and 39.74), dry matter (1056.42 g/m2, 941.94 g/m2 and 949 g/m2), yield attributes {number of effective tillers/m2 (316.98, 298.72 and 291.50), number of grains/spike (42.58, 41.10 and 41.74), yield (4793.23 kg/ha, 4133.58 23 kg/ha and 4177.7923 kg/ha), net returns (121919.67 ₹/ha, 877203.52 ₹/ha and 102681.10 ₹/ha) and B:C ratio (3.93, 3.44 and 3.15)}. Also, the interaction has been found significant in the case of dates of sowing and varieties for the number of effective tillers per square metre, grain yield and straw yield. Hence, under sub-tropical conditions of Jammu, the wheat crop variety DBW 303 can be sown on 25th November along with the application of B. subtilis at 5 g/kg seed + paclobutrazol at 50 ppm for higher productivity and profitability.
A field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons of 2025 and 2026 at the Agronomy Research Farm, R.S.M. (P.G.) College, Dhampur, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate the performance of maize cultivars under different sowing dates. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications, comprising four sowing dates (SD₁: 01 March, SD₂: 11 March, SD₃: 21 March and SD₄: 31 March) assigned to the main plots and four cultivars (V₁: J.H.-3459, V₂: Pusa Early Hybrid Makka-2, V₃: Malviya Hybrid Makka-2 and V₄: Deccan-115) assigned to the sub-plots. The crop was sown at 60 cm × 20 cm spacing with a seed rate of 20 kg ha⁻¹ and fertilised with 175:60:30 kg N: P₂O₅: K₂O ha⁻¹. The results revealed that sowing dates and cultivars significantly influenced growth parameters, phenological characters, yield attributes, grain yield and economics. Among sowing dates, SD₁ (01 March) recorded significantly higher leaf area (6182.8 cm² plant⁻¹), leaf area index (4.820), cob length (15.9 cm), cob girth (12.4 cm), number of grains (24.9 row⁻¹) and grain yield (6371.3 kg ha⁻¹) during 2025. Similarly, during 2026, SD₁ recorded the maximum leaf area (5992.3 cm² plant⁻¹), LAI (4.788), cob length (17.6 cm), cob girth (14.1 cm) and grain yield (6167.6 kg ha⁻¹). Among cultivars, V₄ (Deccan-115) exhibited superior performance, recording the maximum grain yield (6353.5 kg ha⁻¹ in 2025 and 6587.7 kg ha⁻¹ in 2026), stover yield and economic returns. The study concluded that sowing on 01 March with cultivar Deccan-115 is the most suitable combination for achieving higher productivity and profitability of summer maize under the agro-climatic conditions of Western Uttar Pradesh.
Net Ram, Rajesh Singh Chauhan, Aakash et al.· International Journal of Env...· 0 citations
A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2024–25 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, to evaluate the optimisation of sugarcane straw biochar rate and nutrient management on spring maize (Zea mays L.). The trial was laid out in a split-plot design (SPD) with 3 replications. The main plot received three different treatment levels of sugarcane biochar rate which included 5 t ha-1 (M1) and 10 t ha-1 (M2) and 15 t ha-1 (M3). Similarly, 4 treatments were selected for the subplot section, consisting of S1 for absolute control, S2 for 100 % recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus (RDNP), S3 for 50 % RDNP with nano di-ammonium phosphate (nano DAP) and S4 for 50 % RDNP with liquid nutrient foliar sprays. Results revealed that, M3 achieved the significantly highest plant height of 221.46 cm during harvest while also reaching the highest dry matter accumulation (DMA) of 230.06 g plant-1 and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index of 45.53 which resulted in a 31.8 % grain yield increase compared to M1. The evaluation of different nutrient conditions showed that S2 and S3 performed equally well for all measured characteristics when compared to S1. Under the S2 treatment, both plant height and grain yield increased by 28.1 %, while yield attributes also showed improvement. The interaction showed distinct patterns because M3S2 achieved significantly highest growth and yield of spring maize. The maximum chlorophyll index (46.80), grain yield (57.03 q ha-1) and straw yield (75.03 q ha-1) were found in M3S2 which are statistically at par with M3S3 and M3S4. The combination of reduced fertiliser application with foliar treatment produced better crop results when biochar usage reached its peak level. Therefore, integrating sugarcane biochar with optimised nutrient level offers a pragmatic pathway for improving growth and productivity of spring maize in Punjab.
T. Zeeshan, K. Santosh, A. Meraj· Plant Science Today· 0 citations
A field experiment entitled Effect of Organic Manures, Rhizobium and Bijamrit on Growth and Yield of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek]” was conducted at the Dr. B.R.C. Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, during Kharif 2024 on a loamy sand soil. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with twelve treatment combinations replicated three times. The treatments comprised four organic manures, viz., FYM @ 6 t ha⁻¹, vermicompost @ 2 t ha⁻¹, poultry manure @ 0.75 t ha⁻¹, and Jivamrit @ 500 L ha⁻¹ (soil application) + 10% foliar spray at 30 DAS, along with three seed treatments, viz., Bijamrit @ 200 ml kg⁻¹ seed, Rhizobium @ 25 ml kg⁻¹ seed, and Bijamrit + Rhizobium. The results revealed that nutrient management through organic sources significantly influenced the growth and yield attributes of mungbean. Application of poultry manure @ 0.75 t ha⁻¹ significantly increased plant height, dry matter accumulation, branches per plant, pods per plant, grains per pod, grain yield, stover yield, and biological yield over the other organic manures; however, it remained statistically at par with vermicompost @ 2 t ha⁻¹. Similar trends were observed for seed protein content, available soil N, P, and K at harvest, and microbial population at harvest. The highest benefit-cost ratio (4.1) was recorded with poultry manure. Among the seed treatments, the combined application of Bijamrit @ 200 ml kg⁻¹ seed and Rhizobium @ 25 ml kg⁻¹ seed recorded the highest growth and yield attributes and was found statistically at par with Rhizobium @ 25 ml kg⁻¹ seed alone. The highest benefit-cost ratio (3.4) was also recorded under the combined application of Bijamrit and Rhizobium. The study concluded that the application of poultry manure @ 0.75 t ha⁻¹ along with seed treatment of Bijamrit @ 200 ml kg⁻¹ seed + Rhizobium @ 25 ml kg⁻¹ seed significantly enhanced mungbean yield and economic returns.
Suman Karwa, R. Sutaliya, Mahendra Junjariya et al.· Journal of Eco-friendly Agri...· 0 citations
A field experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2022-23 and 2023-24 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient and weed management on crop growth rate (CGR) and absolute growth rate (AGR) of chickpea. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications, comprising four nutrient management practices viz., F0-control, F1-100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), F2-75% RDF + Rhizobium + phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB) and F3-50% RDF + Rhizobium + PSB + molybdenum seed treatment + foliar boron and urea spray and eight weed management practices viz., W1-pendimethalin (PE), W2-quizalofop-p-ethyl (PoE), W3-topramezone (EPoE), W4-pendimethalin followed by one hand weeding (25 days after sowing), W5-pendimethalin followed by quizalofop-p-ethyl, W6-pendimethalin followed by topramezone, W7-weedy check and W8-weed-free. The results revealed that nutrient and weed management significantly influenced crop growth throughout the crop growth period. The application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) recorded the highest CGR (4.36, 5.79, 7.96 and 7.99 g m-2 day-1) and AGR (0.154, 0.205, 0.282 and 0.291 g plant-1 day-1) during 30-60 and 60-90 days after sowing (DAS) in 2022-23 and 2023-24, respectively, followed by 75% RDF combined with Rhizobium and phosphate-solubilising bacteria (PSB), whereas the unfertilised control recorded significantly lower values. Among weed management practices, pendimethalin (1.0 kg a.i. ha-1) applied as pre-emergence followed by one hand weeding at 25 DAS (W4) recorded significantly higher CGR and AGR than the remaining herbicidal treatments and was closely comparable with pendimethalin followed by topramezone (W6), indicating that sequential weed management effectively minimised crop-weed competition and promoted biomass accumulation. Absolute growth rate declined progressively with crop age irrespective of treatments, reflecting the normal ontogenic reduction in growth efficiency. The study demonstrated that balanced nutrient management combined with effective weed management substantially improved crop growth by enhancing dry matter accumulation and resource-use efficiency. Under late-sown conditions, the application of 100% RDF in combination with pendimethalin followed by one hand weeding or pendimethalin followed by topramezone proved to be the most effective management strategy for maximising chickpea growth.
Mohammad Vaheed, C. Bhushan, S. K. Verma et al.· Journal of Advances in Biolo...· 0 citations
Maize production is often being challenged by poor soil fertility and other factors leading to poor grain yield. Nitrogen being the major component of the macro elements is largely required for improved maize yield performance. A field study was carried out during the 2023 rainy season at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal College of Horticulture, Hinna, Dadin-Kowa to determine the optimal nitrogen rate for growth and grain yield of maize. The experiment was laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Treatments consisted of four nitrogen rates: 0kg, 50kgha-1, 100kgha-1 and 150kgha-1 applied in two split dozes. The first split doze was applied at two weeks after sowing together with phosphorus and potassium at 50kgha-1 respectively, while the second dose was applied at 5 weeks after sowing. The results showed that nitrogen application significantly influenced grain yield performances of maize. 50kgNha-1, 100kgNha-1 and 150kgNha- 1 treated plots perform better than 0kgNha-1 treated plots (control). Plots treated with 150kgNha-1 gave higher grain yield than 100kgNha-1 but with no significant difference statistically between them. 0kgNha-1 (control) gave the least grain yield, confirming the need for nitrogen application to improved grain maize yield. The result confirms the previous recommendation of 100 kg N ha-1 as optimal rate for maize in the savannah, hence we recommend 100 kg N ha-1 to the farmers in the study area. We also recommend further studies under irrigated conditions to compare the results with rainfed conditions.
Y. H., Ivoke, B. Barnabas et al.· Journal of Entomology and Ag...· 0 citations
A field experiment was carried out during the boro seasons of 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 at the Agricultural Experimental Farm of the University of Calcutta, located at Baruipur, West Bengal, India, to study the economics of different integrated nutrient management practices in the Chandra rice variety (MTU-1153). The soil was moderately fertile, with a pH of around 6.0 and a clayey loam texture. The experiment consisted of ten treatments arranged in a randomised block design (RBD) with three replications, viz., 50% of the recommended dose of fertiliser (RDF) N-P2O5-K2O + farmyard manure (FYM) @ 5 t ha-1, 75% RDF N-P2O5-K2O + FYM @ 5 t ha-1, 50% RDF N-P2O5-K2O + FYM @ 7 t ha-1, 75% RDF N-P2O5-K2O + FYM @ 7 t ha-1, 50% RDF N-P2O5-K2O + Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1, 75% RDF N-P2O5-K2O + Vermicompost @ 2 t ha-1, 50% RDF N-P2O5-K2O + Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1, 75% RDF N-P2O5-K2O + Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1, 100% RDF N-P2O5-K2O and Control. The highest grain and straw yields were recorded with the treatment 75% RDF N-P2O5-K2O + Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1, at (60.40 and 60.97) q ha-1 and (76.20 and 76.70) q ha-1, respectively. The results revealed that the highest gross return was obtained with the application of 75% RDF N-P2O5-K2O + Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1, at Rs. (146990.00 and 157021.00) ha-1, whereas the highest net profit was recorded with the treatment (100% RDF N-P2O5-K2O), at Rs. (69256.00 and 72234.00) ha-1 during both years and in the pooled analysis. The same treatment, i.e., (100% RDF N-P2O5-K2O), recorded the highest benefit-cost (B:C) ratio (2.02) compared with the other treated plots.
Subham Chakraborty, A. Dolai, S. K. Patra et al.· Journal of Advances in Biolo...· 0 citations
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