The association between obesity index and hypertension in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

The present study explored the association between the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP) and hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects. A total of 4,155 T2DM individuals were enrolled from the Second Hospital of Shijiazhuang in this cross-sectional investigation. We employed multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS) modeling, threshold effect assessment, and stratified subgroup analyses. Missing covariates were addressed through multiple imputation, while complete-case data were used for sensitivity evaluation. Among 4,155 participants (68.5% hypertensive), CVAI and LAP were positively associated with hypertension (P for trend < 0.001). Q4 vs. Q1 OR was 3.27 (95% CI: 2.66–4.02) for CVAI and 3.01 (95% CI: 2.43–3.72) for LAP. RCS evaluation demonstrated a significant nonlinear relationship between LAP and hypertension (P for non-linearity < 0.001), identifying a threshold value of 44.187 (95% CI: 42.141–46.233). CVAI showed linear associations in both sexes (P for non-linearity: 0.177 males, 0.055 females). Subgroup analyses showed consistent associations across strata (all P for interaction > 0.05). CVAI and LAP are associated with hypertension in T2DM patients. LAP exhibits a nonlinear relationship with a threshold effect at approximately 44.2.