A narrative review examines key biomarkers used to assess genotoxic damage in exposed workers, such as 8-oxoguanine, micronucleus assays, and gene expression analysis, and presents the strengths and limitations of these biomarkers.
This critical narrative review integrates evidence on major environmental genotoxin classes, exposure routes, molecular mechanisms, human biomonitoring, disease associations and risk-assessment practice for well-established and less mature evidence domains.
Omoighele F. Akhigbe, O. Abutu, N. Y. Wike et al.· Asian Journal of Research in...· 0 citations
The role of occupational medicine in identifying, managing, and preventing cancers linked to workplace exposures, while addressing diagnostic advances, regulatory frameworks, and preventive strategies is examined.
Dhanya Boopathe, Kamalesh V· Adolescência e Saúde· 0 citations
The heavy metal contamination of water, food, and soil is a widely recognized global problem. Yet the strategies commonly used to evaluate the impact of heavy metal contamination on human health typically do not account for the metabolic pathways of metals in living cells. Exposure metrics like Estimated Daily Intake, Hazard Quotient, Hazard Index, and Cancer Risk are simple and inexpensive, and easy to compare to regulatory limits, but they do not provide much information about underlying biological mechanisms: they assume metals are absorbed at a constant rate, do not consider the effects of metal mixtures, and disregard the non-linear cellular damage increasingly shown in in vitro genotoxicity studies. In vitro assays, however, directly demonstrate damage to DNA and chromosomes, and consistently implicate oxidative stress as a common mechanism through which cadmium, arsenic and chromium act; and these assays are seldom connected to actual dietary or drinking water exposures. This review combines the two methods, using contamination data from high-risk environments and data from occupational and environmental biomonitoring studies, which already demonstrate a measurable relationship between exposure and cellular damage. This type of integration is now feasible using newer tools such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, adverse outcome pathways, and omics-based biomarkers. Building on these, the review proposes a concentration-response approach for assessing heavy metal risk in food. This approach moves beyond a purely statistical exercise and offers a biologically grounded model with real-world implications for the setting and harmonization of international food safety standards. It is based on bioaccessibility-corrected exposure estimates and in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation.
Manisha Jain, S. Sachdeva, G. Bharat· Genetics and Molecular Resea...· 0 citations
Volatile organic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene, with ethyl acetate, propanol, and ethanol, are commonly used in printing and pose health risks to workers. Despite numerous studies in printing, comprehensive risk assessments across different printing techniques remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to carcinogenic and health risk assessment of occupational exposure to chemicals in the printing industries. This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2024-2025 in six printing facilities located in Alborz Province, Iran, representing three printing technologies (offset, gravure, and flexographic printing). Air sampling was performed using NIOSH methods (1501 for BTEX, 1400 for alcohols, and 1457 for ethyl acetate) with analysis by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The USEPA risk assessment model was employed to calculate Lifetime Cancer Risk (LCR) and Hazard Quotient (HQ) for each chemical. The study revealed significant differences in chemical exposure risks among printing techniques. Offset printing showed the highest risks, with benzene exposure averaging 0.47 ppm, corresponding to a LCR of 7.6 × 10-3 (90% definite cancer risk) and HQ of 22.5. Ethylbenzene in offset printing also presented moderate risks (LCR= 2.4 × 10-3, HQ = 4.16). In contrast, flexographic and heliographic printing demonstrated lower risks, with ethyl acetate (HQ = 0.516), 2-propanol (HQ = 0.086-0.128), and ethanol (HQ = 0.31). The findings highlight offset printing as particularly hazardous due to benzene exposure. Flexographic and heliographic printing, while comparatively safer, still require exposure controls for certain solvents. The study emphasizes the urgent need for industry-specific control measures, particularly in offset printing.
Saeed Kermani, I. Mohammadfam, A. Soltanzadeh et al.· Ecotoxicology and Environmen...· 0 citations
This review gives a comprehensive overview of the function of metals in causing cancer, focusing on pathways such as genotoxicity, mutagenesis, epigenetic modification, and cancer-related signaling.
Shipra Singh, Priyanka Phogat, Luciano Saso et al.· Frontiers in Oncology· 0 citations
Formaldehyde (FA) is a widely used chemical with known carcinogenic properties, particularly for the upper respiratory tract. Concerns about probable FA-induced hematotoxicity and leukemia have sparked investigations into its health risks. This review scrutinized the quality of exposure evaluations in studies exploring the hematotoxicity of FA and assessed the association between FA exposure and blood dyscrasias. A total of 22 studies were included in the systematic review; among them, 10 provided sufficient data for meta-analysis. FA exposure was significantly associated with changes in blood parameters, including white blood cells (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -1.450 ± 0.636), T cytotoxic cells (SMD = 2.813 ± 1.013), and natural killer (NK) cells (SMD = 1.911 ± 0.775). None of the other blood parameters were significantly affected. However, because of inconsistencies and limitations in exposure assessment methods across the reviewed studies, a clear dose-response relationship could not be established. Overall, changes in some blood parameters were possibly a response to the sensory irritation of FA in the upper respiratory tract. Based on the available scientific evidence, inhaled FA is not distributed beyond portal-of-entry to distal tissues or organs. It is recommended that the exposure of workers to FA be evaluated in a more comprehensive way by following well-validated FA sampling and analysis methods in future studies to better elucidate the association between FA exposure and hematotoxicity. Also, biological monitoring is recommended to estimate overall worker exposure to formaldehyde and to assess the association between FA exposure and its probable hematotoxicity.
Reza Pourbabaki, Fatemeh Rahimian, M. Ghaffari et al.· Toxicology and industrial he...· 0 citations
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