REVIEW OF BORATE GLASSES AS SOLID-STATE BATTERY ELECTROLYTES

Abstract

Borate glasses are gaining attention as solid-state electrolytes for next-generation lithium batteries because of their distinctive structural and electrochemical characteristics. Their amorphous framework enables the formation of continuous lithium ion pathways, resulting in high ionic conductivity and enhanced transport kinetics. Borate glasses also offer a broad electrochemical stability window, which makes them well suited for high voltage applications and enhances safety compared to traditional liquid electrolytes. Recent studies highlight their versatility, as they can function both as bulk electrolytes and as protective interfacial coatings that mitigate electrode degradation and suppress dendrite growth. This review consolidates current progress in the design, synthesis, and characterization of borate glass electrolytes, with emphasis on their ion conduction mechanisms, structural features, and electrochemical performance. Challenges such as optimizing mechanical stability, scalability, and compatibility with diverse electrode chemistries are critically discussed. Finally, future perspectives are outlined to guide the development of borate glass based solid-state batteries toward practical, high energy density applications.