Advanced Flexible Robotic Systems for the Early Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases including arrhythmias, structural heart defects, and vascular disorders and cancer remain leading causes of death worldwide. The complex anatomy and submillimeter scale of many vessels and luminal organs pose major challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Recent advances in flexible surgical robotics have transformed minimally invasive interventions by introducing compliant, steerable systems capable of precise navigation through natural orifices or percutaneous endovascular entry. These robots can reach previously inaccessible regions, enabling more accurate diagnosis and targeted therapy while reducing patient trauma compared to conventional rigid tools. However, flexible robotic designs must be carefully engineered to meet the unique requirements of each application, from navigating tortuous vasculature to delivering localized therapies. This review summarizes recent progress in flexible surgical robotics, focusing on innovations in actuation mechanisms, bio‐integrated sensing and electronics, AI‐assisted navigation and control, and friction‐reduction strategies that enhance dexterity, safety, and clinical outcomes. By critically analyzing current technologies and their limitations in cardiovascular and oncological contexts, the review identifies emerging opportunities and design challenges. It concludes with a discussion of future directions toward more intelligent, miniaturized, and clinically adaptable flexible robotic systems for precision medicine.