Global assessment of topside effective scale heights in the low- and mid-latitude ionosphere using COSMIC-2 observations and IRI-2020 topside COR2 model

Evaluating Aeolus HLOS Winds and Characterizing the Low-Level Jet (LLJ) and Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) over the Indian Summer Monsoon: An Intercomparison with Radiosonde and Reanalysis Datasets

Reliable prediction of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) requires accurate representation of large-scale circulation features such as the Low-Level Jet (LLJ) and Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ), yet sparse observational coverage over the Indian Ocean region continues to limit model validation and improvement. This study vali...

Long-term climatology of vertical profiles of polarimetric variables and ice-microphysical retrievals at X-band – Part 1: Radar calibration

Ionospheric Disturbances Associated With Typhoon Ragasa in 2025 Observed Using GNSS and Satellite Measurements

Typhoon Ragasa in September 2025 provides an opportunity to examine ionospheric responses to tropical cyclone forcing from the lower atmosphere. We combine Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations over Taiwan and Hong Kong with Himawari‐9 thermal infrared (TIR) data, COSMIC‐2 radio occultation profiles, T...

Predicting low-latitude ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) over the Indian sector under variable space weather conditions using solar wind parameters

Accurate prediction of ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) during geomagnetically disturbed conditions remains challenging, particularly when empirical models perform poorly during storms and neural network (NN) approaches rely explicitly on geomagnetic indices such as Kp/Ap or Dst/SYM-H. In this study, we develop...

Latitude-Dependent Ionospheric Dynamics During the Moderate Geomagnetic Storm of 21–22 March 2026 over the Indian Longitude Sector

This study examines the highly variable and latitude-dependent ionospheric response to the moderate geomagnetic storm that occurred on 21–22 March 2026 over the Indian longitudinal sector using combined observations of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) derived Total Electron Content (TEC) and Swarm electron den...

Equatorial F‐Region Responses to the Main Phase of the 10 May 2024 Geomagnetic Storm Over the South American Sector: Observations and Model Simulations

This study examines the equatorial ionospheric response over the South American sector during the onset of the extreme 2024 Mother's Day geomagnetic storm, which began at ∼17 UT on 10 May and reached the G5 level. Pronounced disturbances in ionospheric electrodynamics were observed under both daytime and nighttime cond...