Clinical Challenges in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC): Current Treatment Options, Their Limitations, and Emerging Perspectives

Abstract

Simple Summary Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and clinically complex form of breast cancer that presents substantial challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management. This review discusses the major clinical challenges associated with TNBC, together with the currently available treatment options and their limitations. It also examines emerging therapeutic approaches, including biomarker-guided therapy, immunotherapy, combination strategies, and targeted protein degradation. By linking the principal clinical problems in TNBC with current and emerging treatment strategies, this review aims to clarify where existing therapies remain inadequate and how newer approaches may help address these limitations.