Two decades of insects as feed: a SWOT analysis
Abstract
Insects represent a promising alternative protein source for animal feed, aligning with circular bioeconomy principles and multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper presents a comprehensive SWOT analysis of insects as feed, examining its internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats within the context of European and global agri-food systems. Major strengths include low resource demands, ability to valorise organic side streams into high-value feed and SDG alignment. Insect production contributes to environmental sustainability when compared with conventional feed ingredients, while their favourable nutrient composition and bioactive compounds support livestock health and welfare. The European sector benefits from a robust regulatory framework ensuring high safety and quality standards. Conversely, the industry faces weaknesses such as inconsistent supply and availability of waste streams, limited large-scale technological solutions, high investments and a shortage of trained personnel. Further constraints include limited genetic diversity in domesticated populations, incomplete understanding of pathologies and knowledge gaps regarding insect sentience. Key opportunities arise from regulatory expansion of authorised substrates, rapid progress in digitalisation and genetic improvement and decentralised production models that enhance local circularity and resilience. Threats include resource dependency, substrate competition, loss of biodiversity, feed and food safety concerns and market competition. By systematically integrating technical, regulatory and socio-economic dimensions, this SWOT analysis provides a holistic overview of the insects-as-feed sector’s current state and development potential. It identifies leverage points where coordinated policy, research and industry action can enhance competitiveness, ensure safety and accelerate transition toward a circular, low-impact and economically viable protein supply system.