The economic effects of the English Parliamentary enclosures ∗

The Transformation of Land into a Valorization Area through Two Legal Regulations

This article argues that two recent legal interventions in Turkey, the Law on Soil Conservation and Land Use (TKAKK) and the Regulation on Leasing Uncultivated Agricultural Land (İTAY), mark a qualitative threshold in the capitalist transformation of agriculture. Drawing on Marxist rent theory, it examines how state in...

The Rise and Fall of a Republican Ministry: Communal Economy in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, 1954–63

Between 1954 and 1963, the Ministry of Communal Economy of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, led by A. M. A. Abdullaev, conducted a consequential institutional experiment, achieving full urban gasification by 1961 and significant expansion in water supply and electrification. Drawing on previously unused arch...

The Benefits of Trade: Ottoman Reformers and the Improvement of Balkan Crops and the Well-being of Populations

This article examines the transformation of the economic culture and policies of the Ottoman administration in the nineteenth century alongside the business cycles. It reaffirms the importance of local contexts for understanding when and how provincial reformers adopted more favorable attitudes toward foreign trade and...

Lithuania: Political developments and data in 2025. A year of protests and government change

The year 2025 in Lithuania was marked by political scandals, mass protests, and a change of cabinet. The position of Prime Minister remained in the hands of the Lithuanian Social Democratic Party, but both the Prime Minister and the composition of the ruling coalition changed. The cabinet formed by Gintautas Paluckas...

Reforming the regulatory state for formalization and industrialization in Tanzania

Four decades after liberalization, Tanzania's economy remains locked in a low‐productivity structure: manufacturing is small, informality is close to universal, and structural transformation has stalled. Where the price of formality exceeds its gains, informality persists as an equilibrium rather than as evasion....

Working Paper Research July 2024