Reorienting Human Rights Protection in an Artificial Intelligence-Based Digital Ecosystem

Abstract

Artificial intelligence mediates access to employment, finance, health care, education, public services, and security, thereby transforming human rights risks from identifiable human acts into distributed sociotechnical processes. This article examines whether Indonesia's existing legal framework adequately protects rights against opaque, autonomous, and transnational artificial intelligence systems and formulates a rights-oriented governance model. Using normative legal research, it combines statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches and analyses Indonesian constitutional guarantees, human rights law, personal data protection law, electronic information law, global ethical standards, and the European Union's risk-based regulation. The study finds that current Indonesian rules provide fragmented protection but do not establish an integrated allocation of responsibility across theartificial intelligence life cycle. Privacy violations, discriminatory outcomes, deficient explanations, and ineffective remedies may consequently arise without a clearly accountable actor. The article proposes the RIGHTS-AI model, comprising risk classification, impact assessment, governance accountability, human oversight, transparency and traceability, safeguards and security, accessible remedies, and independent supervision. Its novelty lies in connecting individual remedies with preventive duties imposed on developers, providers, deployers, and public authorities. This model enables innovation while keeping automated power subordinate to human dignity, equality, legal certainty, and democratic accountability within Indonesia's digital ecosystem and strengthens sustainable rights protection.