Recurrent Landslide Hazards in Ramban District, NW Himalaya, India: An Interplay of Geology, Climate Change, and Anthropogenic Factors

Abstract

Landslide hazards along the Banihal–Ramban corridor of the Jammu–Srinagar National Highway (NH-44) represent a critical geoenvironmental challenge in Northwestern Himalaya, where active tectonics, fragile lithology, steep terrain, and increasing extreme precipitation interact with intensive infrastructure development. This technical note presents a focused analysis of flash floods and landslides of April 20, 2025, examining their triggering mechanisms, cascading geomorphic processes, and impacts on transportation infrastructure and settlements. Historical landslide records (1990–2025) and regional hydroclimatic observations are incorporated to contextualize the event within evolving patterns of hazard frequency and anthropogenic slope modification along the NH-44 corridor. The April 2025 disaster resulted from the localized high-intensity precipitation, which elevated pore-water pressures, reduced slope stability, and triggered multiple failures in structurally weakened rock formations. Results highlight a transition from isolated slope failures toward compound and cascading hazard scenarios involving flash floods, debris flows, and infrastructure disruption. The study underscores the increasing vulnerability of this strategic Himalayan lifeline. It emphasizes the need for geologically informed engineering design, improved drainage management, and integrated early warning strategies to enhance long-term resilience.