Entangled Futures: Quantum Computing's Potential and Challenges in Computer Science

Abstract

Quantum computing represents a fundamental shift in computation, promising to solve problems currently intractable for classical computers. However, misconceptions persist; quantum computers are not universally faster, nor do they replace classical systems. Current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices face significant challenges, including decoherence, high error rates, and limited scalability. Additionally, leveraging quantum systems requires rethinking traditional computing principles, adopting different programming models, and addressing the complexities of integrating quantum and classical workflows, making their practical use in computer science both demanding and non-trivial. This article provides a system-level perspective on quantum computing for computer scientists, software engineers, and IT professionals, examining its current capabilities, key architectural and software challenges, and potential paths toward quantum advantage in real-world applications within hybrid quantum-classical environments.