Comparative dynamics of radiative tetra- and penta-hybrid nanofluid flows subject to Joule heating and mixed convection: local non-similar solution and statistical analysis

Abstract

Blood-based micropolar tetra- and penta- hybrid nanofluids(HNFs) with silver (Ag)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$({\rm{Ag}})$$\end{document}, copper oxide (CuO)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$({\rm{CuO}})$$\end{document}, gold (Au)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$({\rm{Au}})$$\end{document}, alumina (AI2O3)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$({{\rm{AI}}}_{2}{{\rm{O}}}_{3})$$\end{document}, and titanium dioxide (TiO2)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$({{\rm{TiO}}}_{2})$$\end{document} nanoparticles offer enhanced heat transfer, stability, and realistic modeling of blood’s microstructure. These properties enable improved control of thermal and flow behavior, making them suitable for applications such as cancer hyperthermia, targeted drug delivery, biomedical devices, and advanced cooling systems. The primary objective of the present study is to investigate the comparative dynamics of radiative tetra- and penta-HNFs under the influence of Joule heating. Blood is taken as the base fluid, while the Micropolar fluid model (MFM) is adopted for the analysis. The inertial effects are considered through the Darcy-Forchheimer relation. Mixed convection effects are accounted in the momentum equation. Instead of the conventional Fourier law, the Cattaneo-Christov model is utilized for heat conduction in tetra- and penta-HNFs. Physical aspects of thermal radiation are accounted to enhance the surface heat flux. To amplify the buoyancy forces in the flow, heat generation aspects are considered. Internal frictional forces and Joule heating impacts are further considered. The obtained governing equations are made dimensionless using non-similarity transformations and solved using the built-in function (NDSolve) of Mathematica. The effects of various factors on tetra- and penta- HNF velocities, as well as their thermal fields, are presented alongside a comparative analysis of tetra- and penta- HNFs. Surface drag force and heat transfer analyses for tetra- and penta- HNFs are examined using regression analysis. The results indicate that the velocity of tetra- and penta- HNFs decreases with Hartmann number and surface porosity, while it increases with mixed convection. The temperature rises with heat source, Hartmann number, viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation, but decreases with the Prandtl number. Additionally, the Nusselt number decreases with heat source, thermal conductivity, Eckert number, and Hartmann number, whereas it increases with the Prandtl number. Clinical trial number: Not applicable.