Water Productivity in Mediterranean Regions: A 2002–2025 Bibliometric Analysis

Abstract

Water productivity, linking water use efficiency to crop yield, ecosystem sustainability, and climate resilience, is increasingly critical in Mediterranean regions facing severe water scarcity. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of water productivity research from 2002 to 2025 using the Scopus database and VOSviewer network mapping. We analyzed publication trends, leading countries, institutions, authors, subject areas, keyword co-occurrence, and citation patterns among the most influential journals to reveal the intellectual structure and evolution of the field. Results show a steady increase in research output, with Spain, Italy, and as top contributors. Environmental and agricultural sciences dominate, reflecting the integration of hydrology, agronomy, and technological innovation. Three main thematic clusters emerged: (i) basin- and ecosystem-scale hydro-biogeochemical processes, (ii) crop-level physiological optimization under water stress, and (iii) soil water conservation and decision-support frameworks. Gaps remain in socio-economic integration, policy application, and smallholder inclusion, emphasizing the need for transdisciplinary, climate-adaptive strategies. This study provides a roadmap for sustainable water management and agricultural resilience in water-limited regions.