Primary stability of short implants compared with standard implants placed with a simulated closed sinus floor elevation technique: an in vitro study

Abstract

Primary implant stability is a key determinant of successful osseointegration, particularly in the posterior maxilla, where bone quality is often compromised. Short implants have been proposed as an alternative to sinus floor elevation; however, data comparing their primary stability with that of standard implants placed using closed sinus floor elevation remain limited. This in vitro study aimed to compare the primary stability of short and standard implants. An in vitro experimental model was used to assess primary implant stability. Short implants and standard implants placed following simulated closed sinus floor elevation were evaluated using resonance frequency analysis and Periotest measurements ( n  = 40). Implant stability values were obtained from frontal and lateral directions, with five readings averaged in each direction for every implant. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and group comparisons were performed. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate relationships between measurement directions within each implant group and between assessment methods. No statistically significant differences in primary stability were observed between short implants and standard implants based on either resonance frequency analysis or Periotest measurements ( p  > 0.05). Within the limitations of this in vitro model, no statistically significant difference in primary stability was detected between short and standard implants under similar crestal bone engagement. As healing, secondary stability, and loading were not assessed, clinical studies are required to confirm these findings. Not applicable.