Stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) plays a fundamental role in the global atmospheric budget of chemical constituents. The troposphere-to-stratosphere transport (TST), as a part of STE, can inject anthropogenic pollutants from the Earth’s surface into the stratosphere, changing its chemical composition and influen...
Stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) governs the transport of air mass and chemical constituents, including ozone, across the tropopause and therefore plays an important role in coupling the stratosphere and troposphere. While the annual-mean STE has been well characterized, its interannual variability and the proce...
Double tropopauses are recurrent features of the extratropical upper-troposphere–lower-stratosphere (UTLS), but their climatology and long-term evolution over the Mediterranean region remain poorly characterized. Here, ERA5 pressure-level data for 1979–2025, complemented by ERA5.1 for 2000–2006, are used to investigate...
The interactions between the stratosphere and the troposphere have significant impacts on human activities and Earth system variability. In the third release version of the low‐resolution Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv3), the representation of the stratosphere is improved through vertical grid refinement in...
Stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) of ozone is a significant source of tropospheric ozone, influencing air quality, atmospheric chemistry and climate forcing. This assessment synthesizes recent advances in understanding the magnitude, mechanisms, variability and future evolution of ozone transport across the tropo...
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