The concept of eBIM is introduced, which establishes a foundational reference for researchers, hardware architects, and protocol designers in this rapidly evolving landscape, including cryptographic acceleration, trusted execution environments, zero-knowledge virtual machines, and smart contract execution engines.
Abstract
Blockchain systems are undergoing a fundamental transition from decentralized ledgers for digital assets to general-purpose trust infrastructures for verifiable computation, decentralized physical resources, and automated infrastructure management. Meanwhile, the limitations of the Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) model stem from a common structural problem: outsourcing control of infrastructure to third-party service providers inevitably involves a systemic surrender of trust, flexibility, and data sovereignty. RISC-V, with its open, modular, and extensible design, provides a general-purpose computing foundation for public blockchains that is open, low-level, compileable, verifiable, and scalable. Inspired by the development and characteristics of eSIM, the embedded Blockchain infrastructure management (eBIM) is defined as a software-hardware collaborative paradigm for blockchain infrastructure management with RISC-V. This study aims to provide a comprehensive survey on eBIM supporting research and technologies, to answer the following research questions (RQs): RQ1 What is eBIM? RQ2 How does eBIM work? RQ3 What can eBIM do? By introducing the concept of eBIM, this paper establishes a foundational reference for researchers, hardware architects, and protocol designers in this rapidly evolving landscape, including cryptographic acceleration, trusted execution environments, zero-knowledge virtual machines, and smart contract execution engines. The prospects of the proposed e-BIM and its future research directions are indicated in this paper.
Blockchain technology offers a potential solution for enhancing access control mechanisms in Internet of Things (IoT) environments. Conventional access control solutions face difficulties in terms of scalability, security, and interoperability, especially when dealing with the extensive and varied nature of IoT networks. The decentralised, irreversible, and transparent ledger system of blockchain provides a robust framework for tackling these challenges. This paper examines the incorporation of blockchain technology into IoT systems for the purpose of access control, with a specific emphasis on recent advancements and methodologies. We examined the benefits, which encompass enhanced security, reduced vulnerability to system failures, and improved openness. In addition, we analysed challenges such as scalability, processing overhead, and privacy concerns. This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the current status of blockchain-based access control on the Internet of Things (IoT). Its purpose is to provide researchers with a thorough understanding of the topic, including various approaches, models, standards, platforms, and potential applications for implementing blockchain-based access control in IoT. Out of the total of 207 papers, a subset of 72 were chosen for additional study, by applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected papers were evaluated and summarized to highlight their respective strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, the study examined the suitability and occurrences of using blockchain technology for access control in IoT devices. In the end, the discussion included challenges, potential areas for research, and an explanation of how blockchain technology can be used for access management on the IoT.
Joshua Iranwose Ugbesia, Fortune Ordiah· International journal of re...· 0 citations
The usage of blockchain technologies incorporates a trust layer due to its immutability and transparency for all participants. The implementation of this technology in order to validate and authenticate the identity of different entities in a Data Spaces ecosystem, allows to all the contributors to validate which of them have certain sets of traits suitable for their data sharing, interests, and moreover, role managing. This way, connectors can automatically identify with who they are interacting and choose which data to share with them based on these characteristics. Some useful examples are the detection of certain issued verifiable credentials that prove their belonging to a specific sector, accreditations … that automatically provide them with access to specific datasets. In order to achieve this, the presented Trust Layer uses a governance infrastructure with blockchain, an identity layer to store private keys and connect the blockchain address to a decentralized identifier, and a credential manager to issue and verify the Verifiable Credentials. Added to this, an integration layer is designed and implemented, which connects these components to the Data Space Connector. For this specific technical implementation, the design has been built to be operable with Eclipse Dataspace Components (EDC), given its Verifiable Credentials interoperability and its wide adoption among Data Spaces as their preferred connector. A qualitative discussion of the architecture’s strengths and challenges is provided, covering aspects such as decentralization, regulatory alignment, and adoption barriers, together with a comparison against alternative identity and trust models for federated data spaces.
Lidia Alaejos Herrero, M. R. Ruiz Molina, Diego Molinero Moreno et al.· Open Research Europe· 0 citations
Blockchain-based infrastructures have increasingly been adopted for secure and tamper-resistant management of academic credentials. Despite the advantages offered by blockchain technology, existing blockchain-based credential management systems continue to face several scalability challenges, particularly in terms of limited transaction throughput, increased confirmation delays, and continuous ledger growth resulting from storing individual certificates as separate blockchain transactions. These limitations become more evident in large-scale educational environments where universities and affiliated institutions are required to issue and verify thousands of digital credentials within limited operational timeframes. To overcome these challenges, this work introduces a performance-optimized blockchain architecture for scalable academic credential management. The proposed framework separates certificate preprocessing from blockchain anchoring by incorporating a microservice-based parallel processing layer, Merkle-tree-based batch anchoring, and distributed off-chain storage mechanisms. This modular design reduces blockchain transaction overhead while maintaining the security, integrity, auditability, and verifiability of academic credentials. To assess system performance, a formal analytical model integrating queueing theory and blockchain performance characteristics is developed to characterize system behavior under varying workload conditions. By enabling multiple certificates to be aggregated and committed through a single blockchain transaction, the proposed architecture improves throughput and enhances storage efficiency compared to conventional blockchain-based approaches. Analytical evaluation demonstrates that the system can sustain high certificate issuance rates while maintaining low confirmation latency and minimal on-chain storage growth.
Shweta H. Bhatia, Ravirajsinh S. Vaghela· Blockchains· 0 citations
Abstract
The increasing complexity of global financial systems has exposed the limitations of conventional centralized banking infrastructures in managing transparency, operational efficiency, security, and real-time transaction processing. Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), particularly blockchain, has emerged as a transformative digital architecture capable of addressing these structural challenges through decentralized record management, cryptographic security, and automated transaction validation. This study examines the architectural foundations and strategic viability of blockchain-enabled distributed ledger technologies within modern banking and corporate finance. Using a qualitative research approach based on an extensive review of recent scholarly literature, industry reports, and practical financial applications, the study evaluates how different blockchain architectures contribute to organizational transformation. Three representative case studies—consortium corporate lending and syndicate management, cross-border settlement systems, and decentralized Know Your Customer (KYC) identity management—are analyzed to demonstrate the practical implications of enterprise blockchain adoption. The findings indicate that permissioned and consortium blockchain architectures significantly enhance operational transparency, reduce intermediary dependence, improve data integrity, automate compliance through smart contracts, and accelerate financial transactions while strengthening governance and auditability. However, the study also identifies challenges associated with regulatory uncertainty, interoperability with legacy systems, scalability, and institutional readiness that continue to influence large-scale implementation. The research contributes to the growing body of knowledge by integrating architectural analysis with strategic business evaluation and proposes a comprehensive perspective on the role of distributed ledger technologies in reshaping banking operations and corporate financial management. The findings provide useful insights for researchers, financial institutions, technology professionals, and policymakers seeking to develop secure, efficient, and sustainable digital financial ecosystems.
Keywords: Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), Blockchain, Smart Contracts, Consortium Lending, Cryptographic Auditing, Cross-Border Clearance, Financial Disintermediation, Asymmetric Cryptography, Banking and Finance.
Prajakta Khule, K. Kumaraswamy, Puja Bhardwaj et al.· International Scientific Jou...· 0 citations
Nigeria, a leading natural gas producer in Africa, faces significant challenges in optimising its gas infrastructure to support efficient commercialisation, reduce resource wastage, and foster transparency in transactions. Current systems for custody transfer, contract enforcement, and payment reconciliation often suffer from inefficiencies, manual interventions, and lack of trust among stakeholders. This paper proposes a novel technical framework that leverages Blockchain and the Internet of Things (IoT) to address these challenges by digitalising the country's gas pipeline network.
The proposed framework deploys IoT-enabled smart sensors at key custody transfer points across the gas supply chain to monitor critical parameters such as gas flow rate, volume, temperature, and pressure in real time. These parameters are securely stored on a blockchain network, ensuring data immutability, transparency, and auditability. Smart contracts integrated into the blockchain enable automated execution of contractual terms, including the initiation of payment processes via Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems once predefined conditions—such as the transfer of an agreed gas volume—are met.
This system minimises delays, mitigates risks of data tampering, and eliminates disputes between producers, suppliers, off-takers, and consumers by providing a single source of truth. Furthermore, the framework supports smaller producers by enabling fair participation in the market and providing a mechanism to monetise flared gas. The paper outlines the technical architecture of the proposed solution, including blockchain consensus mechanisms, IoT device integration protocols, and cybersecurity safeguards tailored to the Nigerian context.
To validate the feasibility of this approach, the study examines key implementation considerations, including regulatory compliance, scalability, and integration with Nigeria's existing gas infrastructure. A comparative analysis with similar initiatives globally was conducted to highlight best practices and lessons learned. By demonstrating the potential for enhanced efficiency, accountability, and economic growth, this paper provides a robust pathway for transforming Nigeria's gas sector through advanced digital technologies.
T. Folorunso, W. Sanusi, H. Afia· SPE Nigeria Annual Internati...· 0 citations
The author thoroughly reviews how blockchain technology and FinTech innovation can transform financial services, payment systems, and capital markets and examines experimental applications that show the increase in performance in terms of transaction processing, efficiency in encryption, and validation of authorization in blockchain-enabled financial networks.
Shipra Yadav, L. Rao, Saumendra Das· International Journal of Adv...· 0 citations
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