Desalination Technologies in the Face of Water Scarcity: Efficiency, Sustainability, and Environmental Consequences

Abstract

The growing scarcity of freshwater, exacerbated by climate change and population growth, has driven the development and implementation of more efficient and sustainable desalination technologies. This study presents a systematic review of the main processes used to desalinate saltwater, including reverse osmosis, multistage distillation, electrodialysis, and nanofiltration. The technical principles of each method are described, along with their comparative advantages, energy requirements, operational limitations, and associated costs. Additionally, the environmental impacts—particularly brine generation and disposal—are analyzed, as well as current strategies to mitigate these effects. The article contextualizes the global application of these technologies, highlighting regions such as the Middle East, North Africa, and Latin America, where the demand for desalinated water has significantly increased. Emerging solutions that integrate renewable energy sources—such as solar, wind, and geothermal—are also explored, aiming to reduce the energy footprint and enhance economic feasibility. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of desalination, its ecological implications, and the innovative prospects that position it as a strategic alternative to ensure water access in increasingly water-stressed scenarios.