Circadian regulation of the S1PR1–P2X7 signalling axis in obesity-associated metabolic inflammation: molecular crosstalk and therapeutic perspectives

The PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Is a Major Intracellular Regulator of Mast Cells Implicated in the Gut–Brain Axis and Mediates Inflammation

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase beta (PI3Kβ), phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), and phosphatase and TENsin homolog (PTEN) play crucial roles in the remodelling of cell junctions during infection. Remodelling of epithelial and endothelial junctions is a physiological effect aimed at maintaining barrier integr...

The pro-obesity role of G3BP1 through altering adipogenic differentiation in mice via the PI3K/AKT pathway

ABSTRACT As a growing but non-infectious epidemic, obesity is a common cause of several comorbidities. GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) is a central regulator of stress‑granule assembly that has significant implications in metabolic disorders. This article aims to explore the functional me...

Immunometabolism in Obesity-Associated Type 2 Diabetes: Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Targets

A narrative review synthesises mechanisms and examines how metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and inflammasome-directed agents intersect with them in obesity-associated T2D.

LPA₃ signaling and biological functions: from physiological regulation to disease-targeted therapy

Prostaglandin E2-EP2 signalling drives vascular aging by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and pro-inflammatory phenotypic switching via QSOX1 up-regulation

Vascular aging is a fundamental driver of age-related chronic diseases, in which the phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from a contractile to a pro-inflammatory state plays a critical role. While vascular aging involves multiple pathological processes including endothelial dysfunction, t...

Protein Phosphatase 2A Modulates AKT-Mediated Macrophage Polarization in Adipocyte-Induced Inflammation.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation that sustains insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Adipose tissue, through the secretion of adipokines and cytokines, plays a central role in shaping macrophage polarization and maintenance of an inflammatory microen...