Multi-Omics Biomarkers of Plant Abiotic-Stress Resilience: Discovery, Validation, Integration, and Translational Applications

Abstract

: Abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, and heavy metal toxicity severely threaten global agricultural productivity. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing, mass spectrometry, and computational biology have enabled multi-omics approaches to identify molecular, microbial, and biochemical biomarkers associated with plant stress responses. This review highlights recent progress in the characterization of microbiome signatures, metabolite profiles, epigenetic marks particularly Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation loci and transcriptomic markers that define plant resilience under abiotic stress. We further outline a proposed classification framework distinguishing stress indicators, tolerance-associated biomarkers, predictive biomarkers, mechanistic effectors